The fox is a carnivorous predator with a relatively small gastrointestinal tract. Its intestinal length is only 4 to 5 times the body length, making it well-suited for a diet primarily composed of animal-based feed. However, this physiological characteristic makes it challenging to manage and feed them properly in commercial settings. One of the most significant health concerns in fox farming is ketosis, which can lead to serious health issues if not addressed.
**Occurrence of the Disease**
Ketosis typically affects young foxes more severely than adults. Affected animals show reduced or lost appetite, dry noses, depression, and decreased activity levels. Their body temperature, respiration, and heart rate usually remain within normal ranges, but their urine tends to be acidic. Interestingly, foxes with strong appetites often experience the most severe symptoms. Blue foxes are more commonly affected compared to silver and black foxes, with higher incidence rates.
The disease often develops gradually and may affect entire groups of foxes. Sudden death is rare, and the condition does not spread easily between neighboring animals. A preliminary diagnosis can be made based on clinical signs and the progression of the disease.
**Relationship with Feed and Feeding Management**
During July and August, when young foxes are in their growth phase, feed is often formulated with high fat, moderate protein, and low carbohydrates to support rapid development. However, this can lead to metabolic imbalances. When carbohydrate intake is too low, the body starts relying on fats and proteins for energy. These nutrients are metabolized differently, producing pyruvic acid and other intermediates—ketone bodies—that can accumulate if not properly processed. This imbalance leads to severe ketosis.
Improper feed ratios and insufficient water intake can worsen the condition. It's essential to maintain a balanced diet and ensure adequate hydration to prevent metabolic stress.
**Seasonal Factors**
Most cases of ketosis occur during the hot summer months, particularly from July to August. Foxes have thick fur and limited sweat glands, making them highly susceptible to heat stress. High temperatures increase water loss, and when combined with other factors, they significantly raise the risk of ketosis. Poorly ventilated and shaded enclosures are especially problematic, as seen in several cases observed by the author during this period.
**Role of Vitamin B1 in Ketosis**
Vitamin B1 plays a critical role in metabolism, acting as a coenzyme involved in the decarboxylation of pyruvate, an intermediate product of glucose breakdown. A deficiency in B1 can impair this process, leading to the accumulation of pyruvate and ketone bodies in the brain and blood, contributing to ketosis. Feeding uncooked freshwater fish can also destroy vitamin B1 due to oxidation, increasing the risk of ketosis.
**Prevention and Treatment**
For affected foxes, intravenous administration of 20% glucose helps reduce lipolysis and ketone production. Adding 5 mg of vitamin B1 daily supports the synthesis of carboxylase coenzymes and aids in the conversion of ketone bodies. Sodium bicarbonate injections can help correct acid-base imbalances, while antibiotics may be used to prevent secondary infections.
**Feed Adjustments**
A diet rich in carbohydrates should be introduced to reduce ketone body formation. Reducing fat content and increasing cereal-based feeds and vegetables can improve metabolic balance. Adding sugar to the diet helps boost blood glucose levels, and including 2–3 mg of vitamin B1 daily enhances the body’s ability to detoxify pyruvate.
**Preventive Measures**
During the growth period of young foxes (July–August), the diet should be carefully balanced. Protein should be the primary focus, with fat and carbohydrates adjusted accordingly. Avoid excessively high fat or low carbohydrate levels, as both can lead to nutritional imbalances and ketosis.
Foxes are naturally carnivorous, so adding vegetables to their diet ensures proper vitamin intake and promotes healthy digestion. Vitamin B1 supplementation (0.4 mg per day) is essential, with increased amounts recommended for Arctic foxes. In hot weather, provide free access to water, adjust feeding times, and avoid overfeeding during midday. Cook freshwater fish before feeding to prevent rancidity, and ensure good ventilation and cooling in the enclosure. Regular watering of the ground and shade protection can help keep the environment comfortable for the animals.
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