The root development of radishes is often affected by uneven moisture levels, drought, and dry conditions. To prevent this, ensure consistent watering during the root growth stage to avoid soil drying out. This helps maintain healthy root development and prevents stunted growth. When planting radishes in autumn, high temperatures and drought can cause misshapen roots. Additionally, harvesting too early or too late can also lead to poor root formation. To avoid this, choose deep, loose, and fertile soil for cultivation. Apply balanced fertilization after the radish reaches the "break belly" stage, ensuring even moisture levels so that the main root can grow properly. Harvest at the right time to maximize quality and shape. Black heart disease in black radishes is primarily caused by black rot. The external symptoms are often not obvious, but when cut open, the internal tissues may show dry rot, with a black and hollow core. This condition is usually due to compacted soil, insufficiently decomposed organic fertilizer, or poor oxygen supply to the roots. Prevention includes avoiding continuous cropping and not planting in low-lying areas. At the onset of black rot, spray 72% agricultural streptomycin diluted 3000 times, repeating every 7–10 days for 3–4 applications. Improve soil aeration through proper cultivation and use well-decomposed organic fertilizer as a base. Spicy radishes tend to develop a strong, pungent flavor when grown under drought stress or with insufficient nutrients. This causes slow root growth, smaller size, and higher mustard oil content. To reduce spiciness, ensure proper fertilization and avoid prolonged dry periods in the soil. Improper fertilization, especially an imbalance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, can lead to bitterness in radishes. Excess nitrogen can result in alkaline compounds in the root, increasing the bitter taste. To prevent this, apply a balanced mix of N, P, and K fertilizers, and avoid over-application of any single nutrient. Proper nutrient management ensures better flavor and overall quality of the radish.

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