Mushrooms have a long fruiting period, spanning three seasons—autumn, winter, and spring—lasting approximately 10 months. The cultivation process typically begins between August and September, with the next round starting in November or December. Mushrooms grown before December are referred to as autumn mushrooms. Cultivating mushrooms using bag techniques requires careful management during the autumn season, and several key practices are essential for success.
Indoor cultivation is crucial for the initial stages of mushroom growth. It takes more than 60 days for the mycelium to mature physiologically. After inoculation, the bags should be quickly moved to a dedicated bacterial room for culture. These bags are arranged in a "well" formation, stacked 8–9 layers high. The room temperature should be maintained at around 25°C, with humidity kept below 70%. For the first 1–6 days after inoculation, the hyphae are in a recovery and germination phase, so the temperature should be raised to 28–30°C. During this time, the bags must not be turned or ventilated, and the environment should remain dark to support growth.
By day 7–10, the mycelium starts to grow actively, and the temperature should be lowered to 26–28°C. Ventilation should occur 2–3 times daily. On day 7, the first turning of the pile takes place, ensuring that each bag is rotated to maintain uniform conditions. Care must be taken to avoid damaging the seals during this process. Any signs of contamination, such as white spots, should be treated with a mixture of 75% alcohol (50 ml) and 25% formaldehyde (30 ml), which is injected into the affected area and sealed. If contamination occurs near the inoculation site, the infected part should be removed and re-inoculated. In case of seal contamination, apply 0.2% potassium permanganate or carbendazim to the affected area.
After 11–15 days, the mycelium becomes vigorous, expanding to 4–6 cm. The temperature should be kept at 24°C, and ventilation should be increased for the second turn. One day later, small holes are drilled into the bags to allow more oxygen in, forming four slanted openings around the mycelium. The bag temperature should not exceed 26°C. After 50 days, the doors and windows are opened, promoting further mycelium development.
As the mycelium matures, the color of the bags changes from white to reddish-brown, often accompanied by yellow water beads. This is a sign that the primordia of mushrooms are forming. During this period, increasing air circulation and improving ventilation helps facilitate the color change. When the film is opened, a dry-wet cycle should be created to encourage proper conversion.
Once the bags turn reddish-brown, they are moved outdoors to shaded areas. They are covered with straw mats, kept moist, and left uncovered during the day while being covered at night for 4–5 days. This outdoor setup supports the growth of shiitake mushrooms.
During the mushroom management phase, the gradual drop in autumn temperatures promotes robust mycelium growth. Mushrooms are harvested once daily, placed into mushroom bed frames. Each bag is 7–10 cm long until all mushrooms have been picked. Once placed in the frame, the film is carefully cut around the mushroom buds with a sharp knife to allow the mushrooms to grow.
Generally, mushrooms do not cover the film within 7–10 days. When the young mushrooms reach the size of peanut seeds, they can begin to flower. Proper management during the flowering stage is critical. Humidity should be maintained between 80–90%, and the temperature should stay within 12–18°C, with good air circulation. If humidity is too high, dehumidify first, then remove the film for an hour before replacing it. A stove can be used to help reduce excess moisture. If it's too dry, add water and cover the bags to raise the temperature to 28°C. If the film becomes damp, open windows and use a stove to dry it out.
Temperature control is also vital. Mushrooms thrive in fluctuating conditions. By creating a temperature difference—covering the bags during the day to let sunlight increase the temperature to 28°C, and removing them at night to allow cooler air in—a temperature difference of up to 10°C can be achieved. This encourages the formation of many mushroom buds over 3–4 days.
Wet and dry cycles also play a role. When the temperature stabilizes and the buds start to grow, misting the surface with water during sunny midday hours can accelerate fruiting body growth. At night, the film is removed to expose the mushrooms to cool air, drying the caps before covering again. Combining ground temperature and moisture variations helps promote cap splitting and the formation of well-shaped mushrooms.
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