How to disinfect the fish before entering the pond

Fish farming practices have demonstrated that even the hardiest fish species can carry pathogens. As a result, using unsterilized fish seeds can introduce harmful microorganisms into new environments. Under favorable conditions, these pathogens can multiply and lead to various fish diseases. To prevent this, it is essential to disinfect fish before they are placed in fry tanks, fingerling pools, or main ponds. This process helps break the chain of infection and significantly reduces the risk of disease outbreaks. One common method of fish disinfection is the liquid immersion technique, also known as a medicinal bath. Several disinfectants are widely used for this purpose, including chlorine bleach, copper sulfate, potassium permanganate, trichlorfon, salt, and malachite green. Each has specific applications and recommended dosages depending on the type of pathogen and water conditions. 1. **Bleaching Powder Disinfection**: Use 10–20 grams of bleaching powder per cubic meter of water (with 30% available chlorine). The solution should be well mixed and applied to the fish. The duration of immersion depends on water temperature and fish behavior. At 10–20°C, the process usually lasts 15–30 minutes. This method is effective against bacterial skin infections and gill diseases. 2. **Copper Sulfate Disinfection**: Apply 8 grams of copper sulfate per cubic meter of water. At temperatures between 10–20°C, the fish should be immersed for 15–30 minutes. This treatment helps prevent diseases caused by parasites such as tilapia whipworm, oral filariasis, and various types of worms. 3. **Combined Bleach and Copper Sulfate Disinfection**: Mix 10 grams of bleaching powder with 8 grams of copper sulfate per cubic meter of water. Both substances should be dissolved separately before combining. The fish should be immersed for 15–30 minutes at 10–20°C. This combined method offers broad-spectrum protection against multiple pathogens. 4. **Potassium Permanganate Disinfection**: Use 20 grams of potassium permanganate per cubic meter of water. At 10–20°C, the immersion time is typically 2–2.5 hours. It's important to use clean, low-organic-content water and avoid direct sunlight, which may reduce effectiveness. This method is effective against certain parasites like copepods, fungi, and flukes. 5. **Trichlorfon Disinfection**: Prepare a solution of trichlorfon (90% crystal) and immerse the fish for 10–15 minutes. This is particularly useful for preventing diseases such as finger worm and third-stage worm infestations. 6. **Salt Disinfection**: Soak the fish in a 3–4% saltwater solution for 5 minutes. Salt is effective against myxobacteria, fungal infections, and certain types of mold. 7. **Malachite Green Disinfection**: Use 10 grams of malachite green per cubic meter of water. Fish should be immersed for 20–30 minutes. This treatment is mainly used to control aquatic molds and some protozoan infections. The choice of disinfectant depends on local disease prevalence and the availability of materials. Longer immersion times generally result in more thorough pathogen elimination. However, prolonged exposure can lead to oxygen depletion in the water, potentially causing fish stress, floating, or even death. Therefore, it's crucial to closely monitor the fish during the process. If signs of distress appear, the fish should be immediately returned to the main pond to ensure their safety.

Veterinary Medicine

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