Fertilization practices vary depending on ecological conditions, soil type, and cultivation methods. To determine the appropriate amount and timing of fertilization, it's essential to model differences in local soil nutrient levels, nutrient supply capacity, and fertilizer efficiency. Soil samples are collected and analyzed using balanced fertilization formulas to guide application rates. In areas where detailed soil data is not available, farmers can adjust fertilization based on crop requirements, soil fertility, and tree health.
For young trees (1–4 years old), fertilization should occur at least 6–8 times per year. The best time is 10–15 days before new shoots appear and again after the new growth has emerged. Fertilizer applications should stop after September to avoid late-season shoot growth. For pre-shoot fertilization, apply 0.1–0.2 kg of urea or a medium-to-high concentration compound fertilizer, along with 5–10 kg of decomposed manure water or 20–30% bran cake water. After pruning, apply 0.1–0.15 kg of high-concentration compound fertilizer.
For adult trees (over 5 years old), the focus shifts to supporting fruit production. During the initial fruiting stage, fertilization should emphasize post-harvest, pre-flowering, and autumn shoot development. After harvesting, apply organic and slow-release fertilizers, such as 0.15–0.3 kg of urea, 0.1–0.3 kg of compound fertilizer, and 10–20 kg of farmyard manure. Before flowering, apply 0.1–0.25 kg of urea and 0.1–0.3 kg of compound fertilizer, along with 10–20 kg of compost. In mid-July, apply a strong fruit-promoting fertilizer to support autumn shoots, which makes up about 50% of annual fertilization needs.
During peak fruiting years, apply fertilizer 4–5 times annually, focusing on post-harvest, pre-spring shoots, and pre-autumn shoots. For late-maturing varieties, apply fertilizer before harvest, while for early types, apply after. Each plant may receive 0.1–1 kg of urea, 40–50 kg of farmyard manure, and 1–2 kg of bran cake. Acidic soils benefit from 0.5 kg of lime.
Fertilization methods include ring trenching and furrow application. Ring groove fertilization involves digging a circular or semi-circular trench outside the canopy drip line, 15–20 cm wide and deep, and filling it with fertilizer. Trench method uses two parallel trenches, 20–30 cm wide and deep, rotated each year. If the soil is compacted, trenches can be deeper than 60 cm.
Foliar feeding is also effective. During the flowering bud stage, spraying a mix of borax and urea 1–2 times can improve flower quality and fruit set. During blooming, applying potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea 2–3 times helps reduce fruit drop and promote young fruit growth. After fruiting, potassium dihydrogen phosphate can restore tree vigor and protect leaves through winter. Common foliar concentrations include urea (0.1–0.2%), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.1–0.2%), borax (0.1–0.2%), magnesium sulfate (0.3–0.5%), and zinc sulfate (0.1–0.3%). Spraying should be done once a week for best results.
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