Potatoes are tuberous vegetables rich in carbohydrates, and they thrive in cool, mild climates with moderate sunlight. This adaptability allows them to be grown in a wide range of regions for various purposes, including food, grain production, and industrial uses such as starch and alcohol manufacturing.
Potatoes have a high demand for nutrients, especially potassium, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. They are considered a potassium-loving crop, and their nutrient uptake increases as the growing season progresses. During the early seedling stage, nutrient absorption is relatively low, accounting for less than 10% of the total uptake during the entire growth period. In the stem and leaf growth phase, about 30% of the nutrients are absorbed, while more than half is taken up during the tuber formation stage. Therefore, providing adequate nitrogen during the early growth stages helps support strong root, stem, and leaf development, while sufficient potassium promotes starch synthesis and enhances tuber size.
Fertilization techniques play a crucial role in maximizing potato yield. Potatoes have fibrous roots that require well-aerated soil with moderate temperature. It's best to cultivate them in loose, deep, and fertile sandy soils that allow good drainage and root penetration.
The first step in fertilization is applying basal fertilizer. High-quality decomposed organic manure is recommended, typically around 75,000 kg per hectare, mixed into the soil through deep plowing and ridge-making before planting. In addition to organic matter, some phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (or wood ash) can be applied directly at the planting sites or in the furrows. A typical application would be 150–225 kg of diammonium phosphate or 225 kg of compound fertilizer per hectare, depending on soil fertility, to lay a solid foundation for high yields.
Next, an early topdressing of nitrogen is essential after the seedlings have emerged. This is usually done in combination with irrigation, with about 50% of the total nitrogen applied at this stage. The goal is to promote vigorous foliage growth and expand the photosynthetic area. The remaining nitrogen should be applied during the early hair growth phase. As the plant enters the late hair growth stage, applying potassium fertilizer or wood ash once can help accelerate tuber development and increase overall yield.
It’s important to maintain a balance between above-ground growth and underground tuber expansion through proper fertilization and management. This coordination is key to achieving high potato yields and ensuring optimal crop performance.
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