Premature aging in rice refers to the early decline in plant vitality, where stems and leaves turn yellow after heading and before full maturity. This results in incomplete grain filling, low 1000-grain weight, increased empty grains, reduced yield, and poor grain quality. Premature aging is a serious issue that affects both the productivity and economic value of rice crops.
The causes of premature aging are varied and often linked to improper agricultural practices and environmental conditions. One major cause is poor soil aeration, especially in low-lying areas with poor drainage. This leads to the accumulation of harmful reducing substances such as hydrogen sulfide, lactic acid, and butyric acid, along with excessive levels of divalent iron ions. These substances damage root function, reduce root activity, and may even lead to black roots or root rot.
Another contributing factor is inadequate plowing. If the field is not properly tilled, especially in corners or dead spots, the soil becomes compacted, making it hard and less permeable. This hinders root development and limits nutrient uptake. Additionally, high planting density, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, and insufficient phosphorus, potassium, and microbial fertilizers can weaken individual plants. Improper irrigation, such as long-term waterlogging or lack of proper drainage, can also create unfavorable conditions for root growth. Saline or alkaline soils, weakly fertile lands, early water withdrawal before harvest, and late-maturing varieties that are poorly managed can all contribute to premature aging.
To prevent premature aging, several measures can be taken. First, proper autumn plowing is essential to improve soil structure, enhance permeability, and promote healthy root development. Second, a balanced variety mix of early, mid, and late maturing rice ensures better resource utilization and reduces the risk of premature aging. Third, promoting root development through shallow irrigation during the early growth stage helps increase soil temperature and improve aeration. Drainage and timely topdressing can stimulate new root growth. In later stages, alternating dry and wet irrigation helps regulate temperature and balance water and gas exchange, which supports normal plant development and prevents aging.
Soil improvement is also crucial. For low-lying fields, enhancing drainage and creating better infiltration conditions can significantly improve soil health. Adding organic manure increases soil organic matter, improving its structure, aeration, and fertility. Finally, proper fertilization is key. Base fertilizers should mainly consist of organic materials, and sufficient amounts should be applied. Topdressing should be done in small, frequent doses, focusing on tillering, panicle development, and grain filling to meet the plant's nutritional needs at different growth stages. This helps avoid fermentation and minimizes the risk of premature aging.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can effectively manage and prevent premature aging in rice, ensuring higher yields and better-quality harvests.
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