At present, the potato has become one of the main winter crops in the southern part of the province. The annual planting area is about 500,000 mu, the net income is between 700 and 800 yuan, and the total output value is more than 300 million yuan. It is a major highlight of the farmers' income increase. . According to years of experiments and demonstrations and accumulated cultivation experience, we have summed up a set of effective winter potato balanced fertilization techniques.
First, the principle of potato fertilization
In the southern part of Yunnan Province, the potato is usually seasoned 120 to 130 days from sowing to harvest. Usually 20 to 25 days after sowing, seedling emergence, 60 days bud blossom. The potassium requirement is the most important factor for the three elements of a potato's life, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. Lei flowering period is the peak absorption. Studies have shown that for every 500 kilograms of tubers produced, 2.5 to 3.0 kg of nitrogen, 1 kg of phosphorus, and 4 to 5 kg of potassium are absorbed.
According to the growth law of potato and winter weather conditions in our province, the fertilization principles for winter planting are: pre-promotion, middle control and post-protection. In the early stage, the potato should be made as soon as possible with rapid growth and more branches, to form a certain high-yield seedling frame, with nitrogen and phosphorus as the main fertilizer, and 90% of the fertilizer should be applied within 60 days after emergence; the growth of stems and leaves should be controlled in the medium term to prevent it from going crazy. , To promote its underground tuber formation and expansion; late leaf color can not be prematurely yellow, in order to maintain the efficiency of photosynthesis in leaves, more nutrients for underground tuber enlargement, fertilization on the main potassium fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer supplement. Fertilizers should be applied completely within 30 days of the harvest.
Second, according to yield, fertility determine the level of fertilization
Potato fertilization levels should be determined based on soil fertility, fertilizer supply capacity, and yield indicators. Under the premise of ensuring water and fertilizer, the planting winter potato special varieties Kangqing 9-1 and Yunshu 501 are taken as examples, and the maximum mu yield can reach 4000 kg. The soil used to grow potatoes in winter in our province is generally rice field soil. Routine laboratory tests have shown that soils in most areas have high fertility, which lays a good foundation for high and stable production. From 2002, we carried out fixed-point investigations on large potato planters and balanced fertilization trials. The results showed that the optimal ratio of three elements applied was N:P205:K20 of 1:0.4:1.2 for chemical fertilizers based on the application of 2,500 kg of manure per acre. The output can reach more than 2500 kg.
Third, according to the characteristics of suction fertilizer set fertilizer measures
(I) Fertilizer Basal fertilizer is mainly based on basal fertilizer, which generally accounts for 60% to 70% of the total fertilizer. The basal fertilizer is applied in conjunction with site preparation or soil covering. After planting, 2000 to 2,500 kilograms of manure is planted per acre. At the same time, 50% of the total nitrogenous fertilizer, 40% of potash and 100% of phosphate fertilizer are applied to the manure, and then the soil is covered. It is an ideal potato organic manure and seed cover material with wide sources of manure, easy access to materials, and complete nutrition.
(B) early application of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in topdressing should not be too late, especially in the later period, in order to avoid stem and leaf length and affect the tuber enlargement and quality. In the middle and late period, potassium fertilizer is the main ingredient. Can be divided into 2 to 3 applications, when the first seedlings for the first time, promote early-onset, increase photosynthesis area. At this time nitrogen fertilizer accounted for 30% of the amount of nitrogen, potassium fertilizer accounted for 20% of the total application of potassium, pouring water. The second topdressing during budding promotes the continuous growth of stems and leaves and increases the photosynthesis area, which is conducive to tuber enlargement. This dressing is generally applied to 20% of the total nitrogen application rate and 40% of the total application of potassium. The topdressing should be carried out in the afternoon. The fertilizer should be kept away from the leaves. After the fertilizer is applied, it should be watered immediately to speed up the dissolution of the fertilizer, taking care of cleaning the leaves. The trials showed that increasing potash fertilizer at the later stage not only increased production, but also improved the commodity rate. After seeing the seedlings fertilize, the poor seedlings should apply 4 to 5 kg of imported compound fertilizer per mu.
(3) Appropriate root-sowing potatoes are more demanding for medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. In order to improve the quality, they can be combined with pest control for extra-root fertilizers, and 200 g of general-purpose foliar fertilizer is used for 400 times spraying. In the early stage, the high-nitrogen type was used to increase the chlorophyll content and increase the photosynthetic efficiency. The later period was 40 days from the harvesting period. The high-potassium type was sprayed once every 7-10 days to prevent premature aging and accelerate the accumulation of starch.
Fourth, fertilizer according to growth period
Applying basal fertilizer can promote the lush foliage of the early potato, and the root system is developed. Fertilizer applied: Nitrogen is mainly urea. The urea fertilizer is not easy to burn the seedlings and roots, and it must be decomposed and converted into ammonium bicarbonate before it can be absorbed by crops. Phosphorus fertilizer is suitable for superphosphate, which not only contains phosphorus, but also contains elements such as sulfur, calcium, etc. Potassium sulfate is used for potash fertilizer. When fertilizing, three fertilizers can be mixed together and applied in strips.
The first application of fertilizer can be applied with ammonium bicarbonate and superphosphate mixed with water, fertilization should be fully dissolved ammonium bicarbonate, so as to avoid excessive concentration of fertilizer at the bottom of the barrel burn the leaves. In the middle and later stages, urea, potassium chloride or imported compound fertilizers were used in combination. In the selection of fertilizers, imported compound fertilizers are mainly used. The entire cultivation process uses imported compound fertilizer with nitrogen:phosphorous:potassium ratio of 15:10:15. It should be noted that the imported compound fertilizer has high fertilizer efficiency and is easy to use, but the price is higher, the production cost is increased, and the ratio is unreasonable. In particular, the phosphorus content is too high, the crop absorption is not completely retained in the soil, resulting in waste and easy to pollute the environment. .
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