Pears are a popular fruit in China, with over 3,000 cultivars available. For southern regions, several high-quality varieties are well-suited for cultivation, such as Autumn Gold, Crystal, New Century, Golden, Emerald, Red Crisp (red skin), July Crisp (red skin), Sky Red, Fortunate Water, West Green, Cuiguan, Qingxiang, Xinxing, Xingao, As Early As Mei (red skin), Huanghua, Cangxi, Xishui, June Snow, Huangguan, Yuanhuangli, Fengshui, Zhongli No.1, Huashan, Ganquan, Late Show, Autumn Yellow, Huangdi, Winter Pear, and Late Honey Pear. All of these belong to the sand pear system. However, the Baili system, like Yali pear, is not ideal for southern areas. It suffers from poor quality and low yield, making it unsuitable for cultivation in the south.
Planting should be done at the right time. In the south, spring planting between February and March is common, but autumn planting in November is also effective. Autumn planting helps root wounds heal faster and avoids a slow growth period the following year. When planting, ensure proper pollination by including pollinating trees at a ratio of 1:8 with the main variety. Before planting, cut the top 30 cm above the grafting point, and trim large roots with a branch cutter. Plant spacing should be 5x6 meters or 5x5 meters, with about 20-25 trees per acre.
Soil management plays a key role in orchard productivity. Young trees can benefit from green manure crops like radish, garden flowers, broad beans, and rapeseed during winter, which are plowed into the soil in spring. Summer green manures like soybeans and pokeweed are buried when they begin to darken. After the orchard canopy closes, mulching with straw or leaves to a depth of 10–20 cm improves soil fertility, prevents compaction, and enhances water retention. This method has been widely adopted in many countries and was introduced in Yanling County, Hunan Province, in the 1980s. Mulch helps regulate temperature, retain moisture, and reduce tillage.
Fertilization should be balanced, with a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of 10:5:10. For every 1,000 kg of fruit produced, 3 kg of nitrogen, 1.5 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, and 3 kg of potassium oxide are needed. Fertilize three times a year: once as basal fertilizer after harvest, then top-dress during growth and again in mid-April. Some growers in Hunan use a single annual application of dried vegetables, achieving yields of up to 2,000 kg per mu.
Water management is crucial. Pears require consistent moisture, especially during fruit expansion from July to August. In dry periods, adult trees should receive 50 kg of water each. During rainy seasons, proper drainage is essential to avoid root damage and early fruit drop.
Tree shaping should follow a natural happy shape, with a trunk and three main branches, each spaced 120 degrees apart. This structure makes management and harvesting easier. Adult trees should be pruned to remove excess branches, keep strong shoots, and maintain a height under 2.5 meters.
Flower protection involves maintaining tree health through proper soil, water, and pest control. Spraying borax solution before flowering and 2,4-D after bloom helps increase fruit set. Thinning fruits after the first physiological drop ensures better quality.
Fruit bagging is an effective technique that improves fruit appearance and market value. Bags are applied in mid-May, with each bag costing about 0.1 yuan. Labor costs are around 0.04 yuan per bag, and removing bags before harvest adds another 0.02 yuan per bag.
Pest and disease control requires integrated strategies. Dormant season treatments, lime sulfur sprays, and targeted pesticides help manage common issues like rust, scab, and pests. Avoid using chemicals 20 days before harvest.
Finally, fruit picking should be done carefully. Grasp the fruit gently, lift it upward, and avoid pulling off the stem. This ensures better storage and transport. Different stages of ripeness—green, yellow-green, or yellow—determine the best time to pick. Bagged fruits with white skin are typically ready for harvest.
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