With rising temperatures, vegetable production in greenhouses has faced numerous challenges, particularly in pest and disease management. Effective control measures must be enhanced to ensure healthy crop growth and high yields.
First, the prevention of infestation diseases is crucial. Fungal diseases such as tomato leaf mold, early blight, and gray mold are becoming more prevalent. To manage these, it's essential to improve ventilation and reduce humidity inside the greenhouse. Spraying quick-acting fungicides like thiophanate-methyl or Fuxing can help. These products can be alternated based on the specific disease. For bacterial infections, which thrive in high heat and humidity—such as bacterial spot on tomatoes, bacterial soft rot in cucurbits, and angular leaf spot—antibiotics like streptomycin or thiazolyl can be used. Products like DuPont’s Spring Process, copper-based agents, or other bactericides are also effective. Viral diseases, which often occur under hot and dry conditions, require a multi-step approach: controlling insect vectors first, then applying foliar fertilizers and plant conditioners like Harvest No. 1, followed by virus-specific treatments such as New World Health, Virus A, or Virus Venom. Increasing water application can also help prevent viral spread.
Second, managing physiological disorders caused by high temperatures and light is important. Many vegetables show signs of premature aging, such as yellowing between the veins of tomato leaves, while the veins remain green. After watering or fertilizing, plants may wilt. The solution includes removing old leaves and applying foliar sprays like Green Bo Lai calcium magnesium fertilizer or Harvest No. 1 to support plant health.
Third, higher temperatures have created favorable conditions for insect pests. Common pests include whiteflies, aphids, thrips, and nematodes. As temperatures rise, pests like cabbage worms, diamondback moths, and cutworms become active. Underground pests such as nematodes and cockroaches will also increase. To control them, insecticides like neem, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, avermectin, or phoxim can be applied. Soil drenches or irrigation with these agents can also be effective.
Fourth, combating the effects of high temperatures is necessary. Sunburn on peppers and eggplants is common due to intense sunlight. Solutions include shading the greenhouse with shade nets, spraying cooling agents on the film, or applying mud or ink to reduce heat. Regularly spraying fresh water helps cool plants and reduce wilting symptoms.
Finally, proper fertilizer and water management is essential. Some farmers apply excessive nitrogen-rich fertilizers like ammonium bicarbonate or urea, or use fresh manure, which can lead to soil compaction or leaf burn. Overuse of organic manure can also attract earthworms, affecting root development. To avoid these issues, a balanced approach using both organic and inorganic fertilizers is recommended. This ensures optimal nutrient supply without harming the plants.
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