First, hollow white root mushroom. This condition occurs when the mushroom stalks become loose and pale, and in severe cases, they shrink and form hollow spaces. The main causes are air drying and high temperatures during the fruiting stage. When the relative humidity in the air drops below 85%, the soil cover lacks sufficient moisture. Additionally, if the temperature inside the mushroom house exceeds 18°C, the mushrooms grow rapidly, leading to quick water evaporation. As a result, the water absorbed by the mushroom body is less than what is lost through transpiration. To control this, it's important to spray water regularly during the day to maintain a relative humidity of at least 90%. After morning and evening spraying, proper ventilation should be done to lower the temperature in the shed and keep it between 14–18°C.
Second, hard open umbrella. This happens when the veil separates from the stem too early, causing the cap to open prematurely, which reduces the commercial value of the mushrooms. The reasons include sudden temperature changes during the early stages of mushroom growth—such as a sharp drop or rise in temperature, large temperature fluctuations, or low temperatures in the mushroom house. To prevent this, it’s essential to improve insulation in the mushroom shed, monitor weather conditions closely, minimize temperature differences, and maintain the air humidity within an optimal range.
Third, dead mushrooms. This condition is characterized by young mushrooms turning yellow, wilting, and eventually dying. It can range from partial to total death. The causes include: (1) High temperatures during the early autumn or spring, which cause the nutrients in the mushroom body to flow backward, leading to nutrient deficiency; (2) Rapid mycelium growth after covering the soil, resulting in dense mushroom clusters that lack sufficient nutrients; (3) Poor ventilation leading to insufficient oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels; (4) Excessively high temperatures (over 20°C) and humidity (over 95%) combined with delayed ventilation after watering, causing water accumulation on the mushroom surface and leading to suffocation. To manage this, it's important to choose the right sowing time to avoid hot seasons, avoid over-sowing to prevent excessive mycelium growth, ensure the soil layer isn’t overly wet, and control mushroom density. Watering should be done with cooling effects in mind, and timely ventilation is crucial to prevent moisture buildup on the mushrooms.
Fourth, thin skin open umbrella mushroom. These mushrooms have slender stems and thin caps that open too early. The causes include high temperatures (above 20°C), excessive air humidity, poor ventilation, and dense mushroom growth that leads to competition for oxygen and nutrients. To prevent this, the growing medium should be fully fermented, and proper ventilation should be carried out after watering. It's also important to avoid water accumulation on the mushroom surface and maintain suitable temperatures in the mushroom house.
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