With rising temperatures, greenhouse vegetable production is facing increasing challenges, particularly in pest and disease management. Effective control measures must be enhanced to ensure crop health and yield.
First, the prevention of infestation diseases is critical. Fungal diseases such as tomato leaf mold, early blight, and gray mold are becoming more prevalent. To manage these, it's important to improve ventilation and reduce humidity inside the greenhouse. Spraying with fast-acting fungicides like thiophanate-methyl or Fuxing can help. These products can be alternated depending on the specific disease.
Bacterial infections, which thrive in high heat and humidity, include bacterial spot on tomatoes, bacterial soft rot in melons, and angular leaf spot in cucurbits. Treatments such as streptomycin, thiazolyl, or DuPont Spring Process can be used, along with copper-based agents like copper nobel. Regular monitoring and timely application are key to controlling these issues.
Viral diseases often occur under hot and dry conditions. Controlling insect vectors is the first step, followed by applying foliar fertilizers like Harvest No. 1. Spraying antiviral agents such as New World Health, Virus A, and Virus Venom can also be effective. Increasing moisture through regular watering helps prevent virus spread.
Second, managing physiological disorders caused by high temperatures and light stress is essential. Many vegetables show signs of premature aging, such as yellowing between the veins on tomato leaves. After watering or fertilizing, wilting is common. To address this, remove old leaves and apply foliar sprays like Green Bo Lai calcium magnesium or Harvest No. 1.
Third, higher temperatures have led to an increase in insect pests. Common pests include whiteflies, aphids, thrips, and nematodes. As temperatures rise, underground pests like nematodes become more active. Control measures include spraying insecticides like imidacloprid, acetamiprid, avermectin, or azadirachtin. Soil drenches with these agents or irrigation with phoxim can also be effective.
Fourth, combating high temperature stress is crucial. Sunburn on peppers and eggplants is a common issue. To reduce heat stress, shade nets can be installed, cooling agents can be sprayed on the film, or soil can be covered with mud or ink. Spraying fresh water not only hydrates plants but also helps alleviate wilting symptoms.
Finally, proper fertilizer and water management is vital. Some farmers overuse high-nitrogen fertilizers like ammonium bicarbonate or urea, while others use fresh manure. These practices may lead to soil compaction, leaf burn, or an overpopulation of earthworms. The best approach is to use a balanced mix of organic and inorganic fertilizers, ensuring that nutrients are applied in the right amounts and at the right time.
By implementing these strategies, growers can better manage the challenges brought on by rising temperatures and maintain healthy, productive greenhouse crops.
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