In China, over 700 million tons of crop stalks are generated annually, yet only about 30% are utilized in industries such as papermaking, construction, and handicrafts. The remaining 500 million tons are often burned or discarded, leading to significant waste, air pollution, soil degradation, and other environmental and social challenges. Therefore, developing comprehensive technologies for the utilization of crop stalks is crucial for sustainable agricultural and rural development. By maximizing the use of these resources, we can not only reduce environmental harm but also unlock economic potential.
Straw, although low in nutrients and high in crude fiber (31–45%) and low in protein (3–6%), can still meet the nutritional needs of livestock when properly processed and supplemented with essential nutrients. China has a long tradition of using straw for animal feed, which has led to the development of resilient livestock breeds capable of efficiently digesting roughage. A variety of processing techniques have been developed to enhance its usability. Physical methods include cutting, shredding, kneading, softening, thermal treatment, and granulation, which improve digestibility and palatability. Chemical treatments like alkali, ammonia, and acid treatments help break down the complex structures of straw, increasing nutrient availability. Biological methods, such as microbial fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis, further enhance digestibility by breaking down cellulose and lignin.
Another application is using straw as a substrate for cultivating earthworms, which are rich in protein and amino acids, making them valuable for both animal feed and medicinal purposes. Additionally, straw can be used in mushroom cultivation, providing an affordable and abundant alternative to traditional substrates like cottonseed hulls. After mushroom harvesting, the leftover material becomes a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer, improving soil quality and reducing the need for chemical inputs.
Straw returning to the field is another key practice. By incorporating it into the soil through mechanical or biological methods, farmers can enrich the soil with organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients, ultimately boosting crop yields and sustainability. Techniques include direct straw incorporation, root smashing, whole stalk burial, and more.
Beyond agriculture, straw also holds value in energy production. With a carbon content exceeding 40%, it can be converted into biomass gas, used for power generation, or processed into bioethanol. It can also be turned into solid charcoal for various applications. In industry, straw fibers are used in papermaking, fiberboards, mulch, biodegradable packaging, and even as fillers in composite materials.
By exploring and implementing these diverse technologies, China can transform crop stalks from a waste product into a valuable resource, promoting environmental protection, economic growth, and sustainable development.
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