Wheat cultivation in Jiangsu Province typically begins in mid to late October, with a growth cycle lasting approximately 210 to 230 days. As a high-nutrient crop, wheat requires careful management of fertilization throughout its growth stages. Under normal conditions, for every 100 kilograms of grain produced, the plant absorbs about 3 kg of nitrogen, 1–1.5 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, and 2–4 kg of potassium oxide, maintaining a nutrient ratio of roughly 3:1:3. The absorption of these nutrients varies across different growth phases.
Nitrogen uptake occurs in two major peaks: the first during the emergence and jointing stages (before winter), accounting for about 40% of total nitrogen, and the second from jointing to booting, where another 30-40% is absorbed. Phosphorus and potassium are taken up more gradually, with phosphorus reaching a peak during the booting to maturity phase, and potassium being most actively absorbed during jointing to flowering. Therefore, proper timing and balance of fertilizer application are crucial for optimal yield and plant health.
Base fertilizer plays a vital role in ensuring early seedling development, promoting strong root systems, and preparing the plants for winter survival. It should make up 60-70% of the total fertilizer applied, with a focus on organic materials combined with balanced N-P-K. Common base fertilizer rates include 1000-1500 kg of farmyard manure, 10 kg of urea, or 25 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per acre, along with 25-30 kg of high-concentration compound fertilizer.
Top-dressing during the green-up period depends on the condition of the seedlings. For fields with excessive tillers, it's best to apply phosphorus and potassium rather than nitrogen to strengthen stalks and reduce lodging risk. For weaker stands, additional nitrogen may be necessary to stimulate growth. The timing and amount of top-dressing should be adjusted based on soil type and plant condition.
During the jointing stage, which is critical for spike formation, careful management of nutrients is essential. For weak or underdeveloped plants, applying nitrogen at this stage can boost tiller and spike numbers. However, for vigorous growth, over-fertilization must be avoided to prevent lodging. Water and nutrient applications should be carefully controlled to ensure strong stems and healthy grain development. In cases of delayed leaf color change, supplementary panicle fertilizer may be needed to support grain filling and increase yield.
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