Wheat cultivation in Jiangsu Province typically begins in mid to late October, with a growth cycle lasting around 210 to 230 days. As a high-nutrient crop, wheat requires significant amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). On average, for every 100 kg of wheat produced, the plant absorbs about 3 kg of nitrogen, 1–1.5 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, and 2–4 kg of potassium oxide. The N:P:K ratio is approximately 3:1:3. However, nutrient uptake varies throughout the growth stages.
Nitrogen absorption has two main peaks: the first occurs during emergence and jointing (overwintering and regreening), accounting for roughly 40% of total nitrogen uptake, while the second peak happens between jointing and booting, taking up an additional 30–40%. After flowering, nitrogen uptake continues at a lower rate. Phosphorus and potassium are mainly absorbed during the tillering stage, with their uptake increasing sharply after jointing. Phosphorus is most actively taken up from booting to maturity, making up about 40% of total absorption. Potassium is most efficiently absorbed between jointing and flowering, accounting for nearly 60% of total uptake, with peak absorption occurring at flowering.
During the seedling stage, it's important to provide adequate nitrogen along with some phosphorus and potassium to encourage early root development and strong growth. From jointing to flowering, wheat needs more nitrogen and potassium to support tiller formation, spike development, and grain filling. After heading and flowering, maintaining sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus helps prevent premature aging and supports grain filling and weight gain.
Applying base fertilizer is a key practice to enhance soil fertility and ensure proper nutrition for seedlings. Base fertilizer not only promotes early growth but also helps develop strong tillers and roots before winter, setting a solid foundation for later growth. It also improves stability, spike formation, and prevents early aging. Typically, base fertilizer should make up 60–70% of the total fertilizer applied. Organic manure is preferred, supplemented with appropriate amounts of N, P, and K. For example, 1000–1500 kg of farmyard manure, 10 kg of urea, or 25 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, along with 25–30 kg of high-concentration compound fertilizer, is commonly used.
Top-dressing during the green-up period depends on the condition of the seedlings. For fields with dense tillers and dark green leaves, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be prioritized over nitrogen. A mix of 15 kg of superphosphate, 50–100 kg of wood ash, or 10 kg of potash can help strengthen stems and reduce lodging risk. For fields with moderate tiller numbers, top-dressing should be applied in late February to March, using 7.5–10 kg of ammonium per acre. In fertile soils, this can be done earlier, while in less fertile or sandy soils, it should be delayed. Weak seedlings may benefit from “eccentric†fertilization, such as 15–20 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per acre, applied deep into the soil for better absorption.
During the jointing stage, applying panicle fertilizer is critical for maximizing yield. This period is when wheat grows most vigorously and requires large amounts of nutrients. For weak or poorly developed plants, early application of jointing fertilizer helps increase tiller and spike numbers. A typical dose is 3–4 kg of urea per acre, applied in furrows or holes. For vigorous plants, careful control of water and fertilizer is needed to avoid lodging. When the leaf color fades and internodes begin to harden, additional water and nutrients can be applied to improve grain size. In cases of heavy growth, reducing fertilizer and water, deep plowing, and even using growth regulators like CCC can help shorten plants and strengthen stalks. If the flag leaf appears and the leaf color fades, a final panicle fertilizer application may be necessary.
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