Abnormal mushroom formation is a common issue in cultivation that can significantly reduce the quality and market value of the product. This problem not only affects the economic returns for growers but also poses challenges in maintaining consistent yields. Common types of malformed mushrooms include those with caps that are not tightly closed (resembling a "fist shape"), long and thick stems with small caps ("vase-shaped"), concave or cracked caps ("broken bowl"), narrow caps ("bunny-shaped"), spotted caps ("macho-like"), bulging caps, two caps growing together ("butterfly-like"), bent caps ("wave-like"), round caps with contracted gills ("optical-like"), split caps ("mushroom-like"), clustered mushrooms ("lotus-shaped"), and even atrophied or discolored fruit bodies.
The root cause of these deformities lies in the mismatch between the environmental conditions during the fruiting stage and the physiological needs of *Pleurotus ferulae*. Key factors include improper temperature, humidity, light, and air circulation, as well as errors in management practices. To prevent such issues, it's essential to address each contributing factor systematically.
First, the structure of the mushroom shed plays a critical role. Many existing structures are poorly designed, with unidirectional doors, improperly placed vents, or insufficient airflow. An ideal shed should be oriented to maximize natural ventilation and light exposure. It should be rectangular, with vents on both sides of the longer walls, spaced every meter, and equipped with adjustable film at both ends for vertical air flow. The roof should be covered with shade nets or straw-free materials to regulate temperature.
Second, the way the bacterial bags are stacked can also lead to malformation. If the stacks are too high, too dense, or filled with compacted soil, it restricts air and moisture movement, leading to dehydration and poor growth. Proper stacking involves arranging the bags in an inclined pattern, ensuring adequate spacing, and using a mix of clay and sandy loam to maintain moisture and nutrient balance.
Third, nutritional deficiencies in the substrate can result in weak, deformed mushrooms. This often occurs when the raw materials are not properly sterilized, the formula lacks essential nutrients, or the pH is not balanced. A well-formulated substrate should include fresh cottonseed hulls, wheat bran, and corn flour, along with lime to adjust pH. Fermentation of the medium before bagging can enhance nutrient availability and improve mycelial growth.
Fourth, premature budding due to underdeveloped mycelium can also lead to malformation. Growers must wait until the mycelium reaches physiological maturity—typically after 90 days of growth, with white mycelium covering the surface and a firm, slightly elastic texture—before initiating the fruiting process.
Fifth, inadequate low-temperature stimulation during the pre-budding phase can hinder proper bud development. A controlled temperature fluctuation of 10°C over 10–15 days, combined with proper humidity and light, is crucial for triggering healthy primordia formation.
Sixth, failing to thin out excessive buds can lead to overcrowding, resulting in malformed mushrooms like "butterfly" or "side-length" forms. Regular pruning of excess buds ensures better air circulation and resource allocation, promoting uniform growth.
Lastly, poor management during the fruiting period—such as incorrect temperature control, lack of ventilation, or improper lighting—can lead to deformities. Maintaining stable temperatures between 13–18°C, ensuring proper humidity (85–95%), and providing diffused light (500–600 Lx) are essential for healthy mushroom development.
By addressing these factors through proper planning, careful management, and attention to detail, growers can significantly reduce the occurrence of malformed mushrooms and improve overall yield and quality.
Lower limb External Fixation
External fixation of the lower limb is a treatment used to fix a fracture or dislocation of the lower limb.The functions of these external fixation methods are mainly as follows.
1. Stabilize a fracture or joint dislocation.External fixators can fix the bone or joint in the correct position to prevent further displacement or dislocation,thereby promoting the healing of the fracture or joint dislocation.
2. Pain relief,external fixators can reduce pain and discomfort by fixing and supporting fractures or joint dislocations.
3. Promote fracture healing,external fixator can provide a stable environment,promote fracture healing and bone tissue regeneration.
4. Protect surrounding tissues.External fixators can protect surrounding soft tissues (such as muscles,tendons and blood vessels) from further damage and reduce the occurrence of complications.
In general,the classification and function of lower limb external fixation is mainly to stabilize and protect fractures or joint dislocation,promote healing and restore function.The specific treatment should be selected according to the patient's condition and the doctor's advice.
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