Abnormal mushroom growth is a common issue in cultivation that can significantly reduce product quality, even leading to total loss of market value. This problem affects economic returns and is widespread among growers. Common types of malformed mushrooms include: caps that do not close properly, forming a "fist shape"; long, thick stems with small caps, resembling a "vase shape"; concave caps with curled edges, appearing as a "broken bowl"; narrow caps shaped like a "bunny"; spotted caps resembling a "macho-like" appearance; swollen caps with tumors, known as "bulging abdomen"; two caps spreading apart with tightly connected stems, looking like a "butterfly"; bent caps forming a "wave-like" shape; caps with round protrusions and contracted gills, referred to as "optical-like"; caps with longitudinal slits, resembling a "mushroom-like" form; clusters of mushrooms forming a "lotus-shaped" pattern; and overall atrophy or yellow discoloration of the mushroom body.
The root cause of these deformities lies in improper environmental conditions during the fruiting stage, which fail to meet the physiological and biochemical needs of *Pleurotus ferulae*. Key factors include poor temperature, humidity, light, and gas regulation, along with incorrect management practices. To address this, several strategies must be implemented.
First, the structure of the mushroom shed plays a critical role. Many existing facilities suffer from poor design, such as unidirectional doors and windows, vents placed incorrectly, or insufficient airflow. Ideal sheds should face south or east for optimal light and ventilation. The size should be manageable, typically accommodating 3,000 to 5,000 bags. Vents should be on both sides of the long walls, spaced every meter, and the film at both ends should be adjustable for vertical air circulation. A shade net or straw-free roof can also help regulate temperature and light.
Second, improper stacking of the bacterial bags can lead to malformation. Bags stacked too high, filled with dense soil, or improperly cut can restrict mycelium growth. Best practices include stacking 6–7 layers, ensuring proper spacing between bags, and cutting the film correctly to allow mycelium to grow into the filling. Filling material should be well-mixed clay and sand, with lime and fertilizer added for nutrients. Proper watering and ventilation are essential to maintain moisture and prevent dehydration.
Third, congenital nutritional deficiencies can also cause deformities. Poor raw materials, low nitrogen content, or improper fermentation can lead to weak or malformed mushrooms. To avoid this, use fresh, mold-free ingredients, follow balanced formulas, and ensure proper pH levels. Fermentation techniques should be used to enhance nutrient availability and promote healthy growth.
Fourth, premature budding due to immature mycelium can result in deformed mushrooms. Growers must wait until the mycelium reaches physiological maturity—typically after 90 days, with white mycelium and a firm, elastic substrate—before initiating budding.
Fifth, inadequate low-temperature stimulation during the budding phase can hinder development. A controlled temperature range of 0–13°C, with daily temperature fluctuations of over 10°C, is necessary to trigger bud formation. Proper ventilation, moisture control, and indirect lighting are crucial to support this process.
Sixth, neglecting to thin out buds can lead to overcrowding and abnormal shapes. Growers should remove excess buds, leaving only 1–2 per bag, and ensure proper spacing to promote uniform growth.
Finally, poor management during the fruiting stage, including improper temperature, humidity, and light control, can result in malformed mushrooms. Maintaining stable conditions, regular ventilation, and appropriate lighting helps ensure high-quality yields.
By addressing these factors through careful planning, proper technique, and consistent monitoring, growers can significantly reduce the occurrence of malformed mushrooms and improve overall production efficiency.
Orthopedic External Fixator
Orthopedic external fixation system
The screw orthopedic is inserted into the bone near the fracture, and the fracture is fixed with an external fixator assembled by a chuck and a nail rod.
Indications
open fracture, nonunion, closed fracture with extensive soft tissue injury, fracture with multiple trauma, osteotomy and correction.
The use of orthopaedic external fixators is currently a superior fracture fixation technique, filling the gap between cast and internal fixation. At the same time, orthopedic external fixator has the characteristics of simple fixation method, stable, reliable and effective, and does not limit the joint movement, can be early ambulation advantages. It can reduce the time for the operator and is more friendly to the user. The external fixator was used together with the bone traction needle. In terms of the classification of orthopedic external fixators, it is mainly divided into four types: orthofix type external fixation, ilizarov type external fixation, ao synthes type external fixation,combined external fixator and common external fixators.
The external fixators in orthopaedics was used for reduction (shortening and overlapping displacement were corrected first, then lateral and angular displacement were corrected, and finally rotational and separation displacement were corrected; If closed reduction is difficult, open reduction can be considered, but the separation of soft tissue and peeling of periosteum should be minimized.
The selection of the insertion site.According to the anatomical characteristics of the soft tissue at the insertion plane, the important nerves, vessels and tendons should be avoided; The ideal entry point is the part of the bone close to the subcutaneous, in a word, generally choose the skin and bone between the muscle soft tissue is the weakest point into the needle. The installation shall facilitate observation and control of soft tissue damage, and permit any surgery that may be required, such as repair and reconstruction, dressing change, skin grafting, or bone grafting." According to the location of the bone, different diameters of the threaded needle were selected. Removal was performed after completion of late treatment.
Orthopedic External Fixator,Orthopedic Fixator,External Fixation,External Fixator
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