Soil serves as the primary medium for the transmission of pests and diseases, and it is also a key location where pathogens, eggs, and insects multiply. Many harmful microorganisms, insect eggs, and weed seeds can survive or overwinter in the soil. This makes it essential to disinfect the soil thoroughly before using it for seedbeds or potted plants. Proper soil disinfection helps prevent the spread of diseases and reduces the risk of infestation.
There are several effective methods for soil disinfection:
1. **Sunlight Disinfection**: After preparing the culture soil, spread it evenly on a clean concrete surface and expose it to direct sunlight for 3 to 15 days. This natural method can effectively kill many pathogenic spores, hyphae, eggs, and nematodes.
2. **Steam Disinfection**: Place the soil into a steamer and heat it to between 60°C and 100°C for 30 to 60 minutes. Be careful not to overheat, as this may destroy beneficial microorganisms that help break down fertilizers and support plant growth.
3. **Boiling Water Disinfection**: Pour the soil into a pot, add boiling water, and let it sit for 30 to 60 minutes. Afterward, drain the water and allow the soil to dry to a moderate moisture level.
4. **Fire Disinfection**: In open fields, lay dry firewood on the soil surface and ignite it. This method not only kills germs, pests, and eggs in the topsoil but also adds potassium fertilizer after plowing, improving soil quality.
5. **Chemical Treatment**: Several chemical agents can be used for soil disinfection:
- **Formaldehyde (Formalin)**: Use 50 ml per square meter mixed with 6-12 liters of water, or 40 ml per 0.1 square meter with 1-3 kg of water. Spray the solution onto the soil 10-12 days before sowing, cover with plastic, and leave it sealed. Open it a week before planting to allow the fumes to dissipate. For gravel substrates, soak them in a 50-100 times diluted formaldehyde solution for 2-4 hours, then rinse thoroughly.
- **Carbendazim**: Mix 40g of 50% carbendazim powder per cubic meter of soil, cover with plastic for 2-3 days, and then remove the cover before use.
- **Zelenzin (Dexamethasone)**: Apply 60g of 65% dexamethasone powder per cubic meter of soil, mix well, and cover with plastic for 2-3 days. Afterward, remove the plastic and wait until the medicinal smell disappears.
- **Black Sorghum (Ferrous Sulfate)**: During rainy weather, apply 2-3% black sorghum to the soil at a rate of 100-200 grams per square meter. Alternatively, prepare a 2-3% solution and apply 9 liters per square meter.
- **Chlorothalonil**: Use 1 gram of 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent per square meter, smoke the area for 5 hours, and then ventilate.
- **Phoxim**: If the nursery soil is heavily infested, mix 100 grams of 50% phoxim with 10 kg of bait and sprinkle it on the seedbed to control pests.
- **Trichlorfon**: In severe cases, use 500 grams of 90% trichlorfon crystals mixed with 50 kg of bait and distribute it on the seedbed.
When handling chemical disinfectants, always wear gloves and a mask to avoid inhalation or skin contact. After work, gargle and wash your face with disinfectant or soap to ensure safety. Taking these precautions ensures both personal protection and effective soil sterilization.
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