Chicken prolapse and anal prolapse are common conditions in laying hens, especially during the peak egg-laying period. The primary causes include lack of exercise during the rearing phase, obesity, early or delayed onset of egg production, excessive protein in the diet, and deficiencies in vitamins A and D. Other contributing factors may involve environmental stress, improper lighting, and underlying health issues such as cloacal inflammation, coccidiosis, internal parasites, or tumors in the abdominal cavity.
Treatment for severe cases is often not effective, and affected chickens may need to be culled. However, for less severe cases, immediate isolation is essential. The prolapsed area should be gently cleaned with a 1% potassium permanganate solution, followed by the application of gentian violet and anti-inflammatory powder or terramycin. Careful manual repositioning is then performed to reduce further complications.
Caged chicken egg fatigue is another condition that commonly affects hens housed in cages, particularly during the peak of their egg production cycle. This issue is largely linked to dietary imbalances, specifically insufficient calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, as well as poor environmental conditions.
To manage this condition, it's crucial to adjust the diet to ensure adequate levels of these nutrients. Calcium should be at least 3.5%-3.7%, phosphorus 0.8%-0.9%, and vitamin D3 around 175-225 IU per day. Maintaining the house temperature between 18°C and 23°C, ensuring proper cage density, and providing enough space for movement can also help. Severely affected birds may benefit from being moved to free-range areas with adjusted feeding plans to aid recovery before returning to the cage.
Thin-shelled eggs in laying hens can result from several factors. These include low dietary calcium, insufficient vitamin D3, an imbalance between calcium and phosphorus (ideal ratio is 2:1 or 3:2), high temperatures reducing feed intake, ammonia poisoning from poor ventilation, and timing of egg formation. Eggs laid in the morning tend to have thinner shells because blood calcium levels are lower at night, while afternoon eggs benefit from higher calcium availability.
To improve shell quality, farmers should increase calcium content in the diet by 0.5-1 gram per hen, provide calcium particles at night, and monitor phosphorus levels. Proper ventilation, cooling during hot weather, and stress reduction through quiet environments are also important steps.
Shallow yolk color can be caused by excessive calcium, mycotoxin contamination, diseases like coccidiosis or salmonellosis, use of insecticides, or overfeeding green fodder. To enhance yolk color, producers often switch from white corn to yellow corn, add carrots, leaves, or red pepper powder, and incorporate alfalfa, pine needles, eucalyptus leaves, or dried orange peel into the feed. These natural additives help improve the visual quality of the eggs, making them more appealing to consumers.
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