The ideal temperature for dairy cows is between 8°C and 16°C. However, during winter, temperatures often drop below 0°C. If feeding and management practices are not adequate, milk production can significantly decline. To ensure the health and productivity of your herd in cold weather, several key measures should be taken. First, it's important to properly insulate the cowshed. In winter, keep the north and west-facing doors and windows closed and sealed tightly to prevent cold winds from entering. On the sunny side, open the windows to allow natural light and ventilation while still maintaining warmth inside. Feed standards should also be adjusted during the winter months. Cows use more energy to maintain body heat, so their nutritional needs increase. It’s recommended to feed them 10% to 15% more concentrate than the standard level—this helps support their energy requirements and maintain milk yield. Water is another critical factor. Cows consume more hay in winter, but if they don’t drink enough water, their appetite may decrease, leading to lower milk production or even illness. A general rule is that cows need about 5 kg of water for every 1 kg of dry feed. The ideal drinking water temperature is 12–14°C for regular cows, 15–16°C for dairy cows, and 35–38°C for calves. Studies show that cows drinking water at 8.5°C produce about 8% more milk than those drinking water at 1.5°C. Salt is an essential component of gastric juice, and its demand increases in winter due to higher secretion rates. Depending on the cow’s weight and milk output, a daily salt intake of 50–100 grams is typically sufficient. Salt can be mixed into their feed at a 1% concentration, or a free-choice salt block can be provided for self-regulation. Low lighting, poor air quality, and lack of exercise in winter can negatively impact milk production and lead to health issues. To counter this, take the cows out of the barn for sunbathing and fresh air during mid-morning and afternoon. Regular grooming is also important. Brushing cows 2–3 times a day keeps their coats clean and healthy. The pens should remain clean and dry, with soft bedding available. Wet areas should be sprinkled with grass ash, which helps disinfect, absorb moisture, and reduce odors. Finally, deworming and vaccination programs should be carried out during the winter season to protect the herd from diseases and ensure long-term health. By following these steps, you can help your dairy cows stay comfortable, healthy, and productive throughout the colder months.

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