**1. Reasonable Grouping**
Proper grouping of finishing pigs is essential for their growth and development. The grouping should consider the breed, sex, weight, and feeding behavior of the pigs to ensure uniformity in growth. It's common to follow the principle of "keeping the weak together" and "grouping at night." Once a group is formed, regular adjustments are necessary to maintain balance. Finishing pigs are typically raised in groups, which not only optimizes space and resources but also encourages competition for food, increasing appetite and weight gain. Groups should be formed based on pig behavior, with 10–20 pigs per group being ideal. In intensive housing, 40–50 pigs per group is acceptable.
**2. Feeding**
Finishing pigs grow rapidly, so it’s crucial to provide nutrient-rich, balanced feed. A varied diet ensures that all nutritional needs are met. Combining different feeds can enhance protein utilization and overall digestion. For example, combining corn and meat and bone meal increases protein efficiency from 51% to 61%. Feed quality significantly affects weight gain and carcass quality. Pigs prefer to store unsaturated fats, making their meat softer. To avoid this, reduce unsaturated fat intake two months before market. The consistency of the feed should be moderate—too thin can reduce dry matter intake and increase urine output. Water-to-feed ratios should be around 1:2 to 1:4, adjusting for seasonal conditions.
**3. Feeding Time, Quantity, and Quality**
Feeding should be done at regular times to establish a routine, improve saliva secretion, and increase feed efficiency. The number of meals depends on the type of feed. Concentrates should be fed 2–3 times daily, while roughage-based diets may require more frequent feeding. During summer, an extra meal may be beneficial due to shorter nights. Feeding quantity must be controlled to avoid overfeeding or underfeeding. Adjust portions according to the pig’s age and growth stage, keeping each meal at about 89% full to maintain strong appetite. Feed types and ratios should remain stable, with gradual changes when necessary to prevent digestive issues.
**4. Feeding Methods**
There are two main feeding methods: free-choice and restricted feeding. Free-choice feeding promotes faster weight gain but leads to higher fat deposition, while restricted feeding improves feed efficiency and lean meat production. A combination approach works well: use free-choice feeding in early stages (below 60 kg) and switch to restricted feeding later. This balances growth and carcass quality effectively.
**5. Feeding Management**
To maximize weight gain with minimal feed, proper management is key. Using raw feed without heating preserves nutrients and reduces fuel costs. Dry feeding promotes saliva production, while wet feeding improves feed intake but may lead to lower digestion. A dry-wet feeding method offers a good balance. Timed feeding ensures even distribution, with 3–4 meals per day recommended. Morning and evening feeding is ideal. Free-choice feeding can be used in early stages, while regular feeding is better in later phases.
**6. Feeding Frequency**
It is advisable to feed 2–3 times daily. Studies show that feeding 3 times a day does not significantly improve weight gain or feed conversion compared to 2 times. Distribute feed evenly—35% in the morning, 25% at noon, and 40% in the evening.
**7. Water Supply**
Pigs need constant access to clean water. Warm water is best in winter and spring; cool water in summer. Each kilogram of feed requires 2.5–3 liters of water. Ensure sufficient water during hot weather. Poor water quality can introduce pathogens, so always maintain clean and adequate water supply.
**8. Pig House Environment**
Maintaining cleanliness is critical for disease prevention. Regular cleaning, removing waste, and training pigs to defecate in designated areas helps keep the environment hygienic. Temperature control is important—ideal range is 15–23°C. Too high or low temperatures can affect appetite and growth. Provide dim lighting for rest and ensure good ventilation to reduce ammonia levels and prevent respiratory diseases.
**9. Stocking Density**
Appropriate density improves productivity and reduces stress. In cold weather, 1–2 pigs per pen is suitable, while in hot weather, reducing density helps. Landrace pigs, known for aggression, should be kept at lower densities to prevent fighting.
**10. Deworming, Castration, and Disease Prevention**
Deworming before the fattening period improves weight gain and feed efficiency. Castration enhances meat quality and reduces aggression. Vaccinations and regular health checks are essential for disease prevention and early detection.
**11. Prevent Over-Exercising**
Avoid excessive movement or stress in finishing pigs. Over-exercising can cause stress syndrome, leading to paralysis or death. Keep pigs calm and minimize disturbances during the growing phase.
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