Silage additives can be divided into four categories: fermentation accelerators, fermentation inhibitors, aerobic spoilage inhibitors, and nutritive additives. The first two are to control the degree of fermentation, either by promoting lactic acid fermentation (promoters) or by partially or totally inhibiting the growth of microorganisms (inhibitors). The third category is suppression of aerobic spoilage bacteria, aiming to prevent the silage from silting up in the early stage of silage to prevent contact with air. The fourth category is nutritive additives. Adding silage to raw materials can improve the nutritional value of silage. (1) Fermentation enhancer 1, Microorganism preparation: Microorganisms used for inoculating silage must meet the following conditions: (1) Prosperous growth, which can compete with other microorganisms under anaerobic conditions and dominate. (2) Having a homotypic fermentation route so that the maximum amount of lactic acid can be directly produced using the six carbon sugars in the silage material. (3) is acid-resistant and can eventually produce an acidity of at least pH 4, and should also be able to reach this low pH as quickly as possible so as to inhibit the activity of other microorganisms as soon as possible. (4) Can use glucose, fructose, and polyfructose to ferment and use pentose for better fermentation. (5) Does not produce dextran from sucrose or mannitol from fructose. (6) Adaptability to organic acids. (7) The range of growth temperature requirements should be extended to 50 °C. (8) It should be able to reproduce in low moisture raw materials when the crop plants are wilting. (9) Do not break down protein. At present, silage additives are being developed at home and abroad. The most effective microbial inoculants are Lactobacillus, Streptococcus faecalis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. But there is no ideal product yet. 2. Carbohydrates: In order to provide energy for the propagation of lactic acid bacteria, some carbohydrate-rich materials are often added to the silage crops, especially legumes, in order to be more conducive to lactic acid fermentation. Molasses is generally economically viable. Molasses is a by-product of the sugar beet and sugar cane industry. It has a dry matter content of 700-750 g/kg and a soluble carbohydrate content of 650 g/kg dry matter, of which the main component is sucrose. A large number of silage trials have investigated the role of molasses, which can handle the increase of dry matter and lactic acid content of silage, and decrease of pH and ammonia nitrogen levels, especially when additives are used as raw materials in the low protein content of soluble carbohydrates and legumes. The effect is particularly good. However, in order to obtain maximum benefits, the proportion of sugar and silage used must be quite high, about 40-50 g/kg. Some people have tried cellulolytic enzymes, but it is difficult to control in production and the cost is too high. So far, no satisfactory reports have been reported. (b) Fermentation Inhibitor 1. Inorganic acid: It was used early in foreign countries, but it has been eliminated due to the contamination of inorganic soil with environmental soil. 2. Formic acid and formate: Formic acid is colorless, liquid, pungent sour, pure formic acid 1.22, boiling point 100.8°C, ignition point temperature 68.8°C, molecular weight 46.03, concentration above 90% is flammable, silage The acid concentration is usually less than 85%, so there is no such concern. Formic acid-treated silage has higher dry matter digestibility and feed intake than formic acid, and can increase milk production. The formic acid product has a concentration of 850 g/kg. This formic acid can be directly applied to pasture at a rate of 2.3 L/t (2.8 kg/t) without dilution. This concentration is equivalent to 2 L/t (2.4 kg/t) pure. Formic acid can be used more for legumes. The sodium salt and calcium salt of formic acid have long been used as silage additives. The former is often used together with sodium nitrite to produce nitric oxide, which can protect silage in the early stage of silage and avoid harmful bacteria. Tests with a mixture of calcium formate and sodium nitrite have shown that there is an effect of improving the quality of silage fermentation. Recently, the ammonium salt of formic acid (ammonium tetraformate) has been developed as a commercial additive, which is almost as effective as formic acid and has the advantages of safety, ease of use, and low corrosion. 3, formaldehyde: generally use its aqueous solution, commonly known as formalin. The safe and effective use range of formaldehyde as a silage additive is generally a reference value of 30-50 g/kg of crude protein for gramineous crops, 100-150 g/kg of crude protein for unripe seedlings, and 2.0-3.4 L/t for general pastures. (C) Nutritional additives 1. Non-protein nitrogen: Urea is a commonly used nutritive additive for silage. The addition of urea into silage can increase silage non-protein nitrogen content and provide a nitrogen source for the synthesis of microbial proteins. The added amount is generally 0.5% of the fresh weight of silage. Ammonia can also be used as a source of non-protein nitrogen in silage, but ammonia can rapidly increase the pH in the silage. Therefore, use it with caution. The amount added does not exceed 1.7% of the fresh weight of the silage. 2. Minerals: In order to prevent hypomagnesia, magnesium compounds are sometimes added to silage. The addition of magnesium sulfate is approximately 2.3 kg/t of the fresh weight of pasture. When this silage was used to feed cattle, the magnesium content in the cow's blood was significantly higher than in the control group. In addition, the use of benzoic acid solution containing trace elements in silage can also increase the nutritional value of corn silage, the amount of benzoic acid 3kg/t, copper sulfate 2.5kg/t, manganese sulfate 5.0g/t, zinc sulfate 2.0g/ t, cobalt chloride 1.0 g/t, potassium iodide 0.1 g/t.
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