The estrus cycle in dairy goats is seasonal and regular, typically occurring from late September to October of the same year through early spring of the next. To improve breeding efficiency, several key strategies should be implemented. It is essential to ensure that both male and female dairy goats are in good physical condition before mating. Goats that have been lactating for extended periods often experience significant nutrient depletion and may become thin or underweight. Studies show that a dairy goat can produce up to 15 times its body weight in milk during lactation, with a body weight loss of 18% to 33%. Rams that are not regularly used for breeding may also be in poor condition, affecting their fertility. A well-conditioned ram has strong libido, high-quality sperm, and better breeding performance, while thin rams tend to have lower fertility rates. Therefore, it's crucial to enhance the nutrition of both males and females prior to breeding, using short-term intensive feeding practices. Starting one to two months before the breeding season, high-quality forages and feeds should be provided. Rams and ewes should be fed carefully, with additional protein-rich feeds for rams and lean ewes. Since each ejaculation contains about 1 ml of semen, rams require approximately 70–80 grams of protein per day. Green fodder, rich in vitamins and minerals, improves sperm motility and stimulates estrus in females, leading to more ovulations. A typical ratio of green feed to dry forage is 1:8 to 1:10, with daily supplements of 0.5–1 kg for each goat. For dry forage, the amount should be around 3–4% of the goat’s body weight. If green feed or silage is available, the equivalent of 2.5 kg fresh grass is roughly equal to 0.5 kg dry hay. Selecting breeding animals with high reproductive performance is critical for improving breeding success. First, increasing the proportion of fertile ewes in the flock helps boost reproduction rates. Lambs can be bred as early as 15–18 months old, weighing between 30–40 kg. However, young ewes must be properly selected and retained for breeding. Neglecting this step can lead to poor growth and reduced productivity in future generations. Second, selecting ewes that give birth to twins increases the lambing rate, as genetic factors play a significant role in multiple births. Third, removing low-quality sheep from the flock is necessary. Ewes over 7 years old or those failing to conceive in their first or second year should be culled. Additionally, ewes that fail to reproduce in their first year should be evaluated and removed if they don’t improve. Mating timing is crucial for successful breeding. Female goats typically go into estrus every 20 days, with each estrus lasting 20–28 hours. Ovulation usually occurs 30–40 hours after the start of estrus. The best time for breeding is around the middle of the estrus period, when the egg is most viable. Younger ewes may have longer estrus periods, allowing for slightly delayed breeding, while older ewes have shorter cycles and need to be bred earlier. As the saying goes, “Old rams breed early, young rams breed late, and middle-aged rams are in the middle.” Multiple breedings during estrus can also increase conception rates. During mating, rams should be well-fed, with increased protein intake and access to high-quality green forage. Carrots and eggs can be added to boost energy. After mating, rams need rest—ideally 2–3 hours before another mating session. If there are not enough rams, they can be used twice in the morning and once in the afternoon. Artificial insemination is an effective alternative, as one ram’s semen can be diluted and used for 10–30 ewes. Proper management of both sexes is essential. Ramps should be kept active, with clean living conditions. Milk-producing ewes can have their milking frequency reduced to stimulate estrus. Testing rams should be introduced 15 days before mating, and the flock should be monitored closely for signs of estrus. For ewes that repeatedly fail to conceive, progesterone injections followed by pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) can help induce estrus. Herbal remedies like motherwort can also be used, mixed with buckwheat or bran for improved effectiveness. By following these practices, dairy goat farmers can significantly enhance breeding success and overall productivity.

Vtm Sampling Tube With Swab

[Sample requirements]
The collected nasopharyngeal swab samples should be transported at 2°C to 8°C and sent for inspection immediately, and the sample delivery and storage time should not exceed 48 hours.

[Testing method]
1. Before sampling, mark the relevant sample information on the label of the sampling tube.
2. According to different sampling requirements, use a sampling swab to sample in the nasopharynx.
3. The specific sampling methods are as follows:
a) Nasal swab: Gently insert the swab head into the nasal palate, stay for a while and then slowly turn to exit. Wipe the other nostril with another swab, immerse the swab head in the sampling solution, and discard the tail.

b) Pharyngeal swab: Wipe bilateral pharyngeal tonsils and posterior pharyngeal wall with a swab, also immerse the swab head in the sampling solution, and discard the tail.

4. Quickly put the swab into the sampling tube.
5. Break the part of the sampling swab higher than the sampling tube, and tighten the tube cover.
6. Freshly collected clinical specimens should be transported to the laboratory within 48 hours at 2°C to 8°C.

[Explanation of test results]
After the sample is collected, the sampling solution turns slightly yellow, which will not affect the nucleic acid test result.

[Limitations of the test method]
1. For samples that are seriously contaminated due to improper storage after collection, the final test results will be affected.
2. If the sample is not stored at the specified temperature, the final test result will be affected.


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