**Building Requirements for a Cattle Shed:** The design of a cattle shed should be tailored to the local climate and the specific needs of the farm. It should be simple, cost-effective, and built using locally available materials while meeting veterinary hygiene standards. The structure must be both functional and scientifically designed to support the health and growth of the cattle. If resources allow, constructing a durable and high-quality barn is highly recommended. Ideally, the barn should face south or southeast to maximize natural light and ventilation. Proper window placement is essential to ensure good lighting and air circulation. The roof should have sufficient thickness to provide effective insulation, especially in extreme weather conditions. **Basic Structure:** 1. The foundation and walls should be 80–100 cm deep. The brick walls should be 24 cm thick, with a double-slope roof that has a ridge height of 4.0–5.0 meters. The front and rear wall heights should range between 3.0–3.5 meters. The inner walls should not be fully enclosed to prevent moisture from seeping in and to enhance structural stability and insulation. 2. Doors and windows should be sized appropriately: doors should be 2.1–2.2 meters high and 2–2.5 meters wide, often installed as double doors or roll-up doors. Windows should be large, measuring 1.5 meters in height and width, with the window sill positioned about 1.2 meters above the floor to ensure proper airflow and visibility. 3. The site area should include space for cattle production, management, staff facilities, and other necessary buildings. The size of the farm can be calculated based on the space required per cow, considering long-term development plans. Typically, the area occupied by the cowshed and related facilities accounts for 15% to 20% of the total site area. Depending on factors like herd size, purpose, and feeding methods, the space per cow varies. For example, fattening cattle require 1.6–4.6 square meters per head, while stall-fed cattle need 2.3–4.6 square meters, and each cow in a fenced area requires 1.6–2.0 square meters. 4. The most common roof type is the double-slope design, which is ideal for larger barns and suitable for all types of cattle. This design is economical, energy-efficient, and easy to construct. 5. The cattle bed and feeding trough are crucial elements. Most cattle are fed through troughs. A typical cattle bed is 1.6–1.8 meters long and 1.0–1.2 meters wide, with a slope of 1.5%, higher at the bull’s end. The feeding trough should be placed in front of the bed, preferably a fixed cement trough with a width of 0.6–0.8 meters and a bottom width of 0.35–0.40 meters, shaped in a curved manner. The outer edge of the trough should be 0.6–0.8 meters high, located near the walkway. To improve efficiency, a high-aisle channel should be constructed so that the edges of the troughs and channels align horizontally. 6. In a double-row cattle shed with a central channel and waste ditch, the median width should be 1.4–1.8 meters. The passage width should allow for the smooth movement of feed carts. If a single channel is used, the road width should be at least 3 meters, including the material tank area. The waste ditch should be 0.25–0.3 meters wide and 0.15–0.3 meters deep, with a slope of 1:50 to 1:100 for efficient drainage.

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