1 cottonseed cake poisoning
The cottonseed cake contains gossypol (toxic substance), which increases the toxicity after mold failure. Pigs are sensitive to gossypol and are prone to acute or chronic poisoning. They manifest as hydrothorax and abdominal cavity, congestion of some organs and lymph nodes, anemia, difficulty in breathing, decline in reproductive ability, and even death. The use of cottonseed cake must be detoxified. China's feed hygiene standards require that the content of free gossypol in feed should be less than 1200 mg/kg. The different gossypol production methods have different gossypol content. The screw press has a free gossypol content of 680 mg/kg, a leaching 437 mg/kg, and an indigenous press squeezing up to 1580 mg/kg.
In addition to choosing a reasonable oil extraction method, the following measures can also be taken to prevent swine gossypol poisoning. 1 Limit the amount of feeding. The content of cottonseed cake in pig feed should not exceed 4%-5%. According to the absolute amount, the daily feed of adult pigs does not exceed 200 g; the sows are stopped before 10 days of littering, and the feed is gradually restored after 2 weeks of littering; the daily feed of 3 months old piglets does not exceed 100 g; April Feed no more than 150 grams a day or more; fattening pigs should not exceed 200 grams a day. 2 Keep the feed full price. If the feed is not fully priced, especially if it lacks vitamin A and calcium, gossypol poisoning may occur easily. 3 Add water to boil for 1-2 hours. If you add 10% of other flour feed at the same time to boil, the attenuation effect is better. 4 Soak in 2%-3% lime water or 1% aqueous alkali solution for 1 day and then rinse with fresh water. 5 Soak with aqueous ferrous sulfate solution. When soaking 1% ferrous sulfate in aqueous solution, dissolve 1.25 kg of industrial ferrous sulfate in 125 kg of water and soak 50 kg of cotton seed cake. Stir in the middle several times, overnight.
In addition to gossypol, cottonseed cake contains 3.05-3.1 mg/kg tannin and 1.61%-1.82% phytic acid. Treatment of cottonseed meal with phytase not only improved the availability of phosphorus, but also improved the utilization of crude protein, amino acids and some metal ions. The detoxified cottonseed cake can't be fed too much on a daily basis. If gossypol poisoning occurs, gastric lavage can be performed with 5% baking soda solution. When gastrointestinal contents are large and gastroenteritis is severe, 5-10 grams of sulfamethoxazole can be fed.
2 rapeseed cake poisoning
The rapeseed meal contains 34.4%-41.8% crude protein, and has less lysine and more methionine. The disadvantage of rapeseed meal is that it contains anti-nutritional factors such as sulfasic acid, sulphur gluconate, tannins and phytic acid. Sulfur glucoside itself is non-toxic, but under certain humidity and temperature conditions, it produces toxic isothiocyanate and oxazolidinethione, causing pig goiter, gastroenteritis and nephritis, inhibiting growth, affecting the mother Breeding pigs, feeding too much can even lead to death. Sinapic acid has a strong pungent taste, which is irritating to the gastrointestinal tract and poor palatability. It is not suitable for feeding piglets. The contents of glucosinolates in rapeseed meal cakes with different varieties were different, and they decreased in the order of cabbage, mustard, and cabbage. China's national standard stipulates that the isothiocyanate in the rapeseed meal shall not exceed 4000 mg/kg, and the compound feed shall not exceed 500 mg/kg.
Detoxification methods that are practical and simple to use are boiling and soil-buried methods. The boiled method is to break the rapeseed meal and boil it in water for 0.5-1 hour. The method of soil burial is to crush the rapeseed cake into a noodles, mix it with 1:1 water, and place it in the soil pit. The soil is sealed tightly and it can be used after 2 months. The detoxification rate can reach over 89%, while protein The loss rate is only 3%-8%, which can reduce the amount of residue to allowable standards. The domestic market has rapeseed cake detoxification agent sales, suitable for compound feed use.
The amount of rapeseed meal in the feed is controlled within 10%. After poisoning can be used 0.5% -1% citric acid solution gastric lavage; can also be used licorice 100 grams decoction add 150 grams of vinegar, once orally.
3 mold corn poisoning
The white fluff grown by mouldy corn is Fusarium and the green fluff is Aspergillus flavus. Most molds and toxins produced by them are toxic and can cause poisoning. Moldy corn is strictly prohibited from feeding pigs. If it is not used, it must be treated. The treatment is to put the moldy corn mill into the tank, add fresh water, stir and precipitate, float the above moldy corn, add fresh water, stir and precipitate, repeat 3-5 times, until moldy corn wash away, put the remaining corn Dried, mixed with other feed for feeding. The poisoned pigs were treated with potassium permanganate solution or gastric lavage and then administered 25-50 grams of sodium sulfate.
4 Castor bean cake poisoning
Castor bean cake, castor bean whole plant and seeds have ricin, the pig can poison after eating, before use, detoxification. Detoxification is to cook the crushed castor cake for 2 hours, or in a ratio of 1:6, adding the crushed castor cake to 10% saline, soaking for 6-10 hours, and discarding the soaking water for feeding. Once intoxicated, stop feeding immediately and use a laxative to remove the poison.
5 Potato Poisoning
Germinated potatoes contain solanine, moldy potatoes contain putrefactive toxins, and poisoning is caused by large amounts of use. The above potatoes are strictly prohibited from feeding to pigs. The fresh sprouts, stems and buds of the potato also contain nitrates and should not be fed too much, otherwise it will cause poisoning. High-quality potato blocks are fed to pigs. The buds and buds on the cyan skin are cut off, and the residual water is discarded after cooking. The slices can also be sliced ​​or sun dried and crushed. This not only reduces the toxicity but also improves the digestibility. In the event of potato poisoning, gastric lavage should be immediately performed with 0.1% potassium permanganate or 5% hydrogen peroxide solution. In severe cases, injectable 10% sodium sulphate solution plus 5-10 ml.
6 salt poisoning
In pig compound feed, 0.25%-0.4% of salt is generally added to ensure that sodium and chlorine are needed to stimulate appetite and improve palatability. If the amount of salt added is too large, it may cause poisoning. Special attention should be paid to the feed containing pickle residue, high-salt fish meal and shrimp meal. When an adult pig eats more than 50 grams of salt for one time, it will cause poisoning and cause 100-250 grams of death. Immediately after poisoning stop feeds containing too much salt; intoxication can be used early copper sulfate and other emetic, while gastric lavage with 0.5% -1% tannic acid, 200 grams of vinegar with water enema can also be.
7 Green feed poisoning
Green foods such as cabbage, radish leaves, beets, and wild leek contain nitrate. Some farmers are accustomed to cook cabbage and other green fodder in a pot and cook it overnight. The next day they are used to feed pigs, and poisoning of dead pigs often occurs. In addition, the use of long-term piled rotten cabbage, beet leaves and other green feed to pigs, the same poisoning. Sudden onset of pig food soon after, drizzy, mouth foaming, and sometimes vomiting, circling, and more serious people can not stand after falling; normal or slightly lower body temperature, cold ears; mucosa and skin was initially gray, and then into a purple . This is due to nitrates becoming highly toxic nitrites at 40-60C after 6-8 hours of bacterial action. It is advisable to feed green feed such as Chinese cabbage. When the bad taste of green fodder must be boiled, simmer thoroughly and let it cool immediately before placing it in the cylinder. Do not spend the night in the pot. Immediately cut the ear tip and tail tip of the poisoned pigs; blood poisoning light can be fed 5-10 eggs, milk or milk 0.5 kg; available mung beans 50-100 grams, 50 grams of licorice decoction; with glucose saline 500 -1000 ml intraperitoneal injection.
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