Potatoes are also known as potatoes, yams, artichokes, or ground eggs. It is Solanaceae, Solanum, annual herb, Dioscorea vegetables. Take underground tubers for food. There are many types of potato, including tubers, skins, whites, yellows, reds, and purples; varieties of yellow and yellow meats are divided by potato color; round, oval, and long Tubular and ovate varieties; according to tuber ripening period, there are early-maturing species, medium-maturing species and late-maturing species. There are distributions in all parts of China, north and south, northeast, northwest and north China, and other cold regions, a year-round crop, from July to November harvest; the Yangtze River Valley, spring potatoes harvested from May to June, listed, autumn potato harvested in November listing; South China Regional market from February to April harvest.
(i) Harvesting requirements When the plants are brown, underground tubers enter a dormant period, which is the best time to harvest. The harvest should be selected before the frost arrives, and at the same time it is required to be carried out on sunny days and when the soil is dry. When harvesting, the plants are cut off first, and after deep-rooting the soil, they must be aired in the field, but do not expose them to the sun. After harvesting, tubers from pests and mechanical damage are removed from the field and graded. Before the storage, the tuber is placed at 10-20°C for 10-14 days (if the temperature is low for a long time), the wound is healed to form a cork layer. The specific method is to pile up the tubers in a ventilated room, where they are to be inserted into a straw or a ventilation tube made of bamboo for ventilation and cooling. The stack height must not exceed 0.5 meters and the width should not exceed 2 meters. At the same time, we must pay attention to rain, sun, and shading. For ventilation purposes, a ventilation ditch can also be provided below the pile of potato chips. It is necessary to check and reverse regularly to reduce the temperature and humidity in the potato heap and detect decayed potato.
(ii) Storage characteristics Potato tubers have a significant physiological dormancy period after harvest. The dormancy period is generally 2 months to 4 months. Generally early-maturing varieties have a long period of dormancy. There are also differences in the dormancy periods of potato size and maturity. If the potato size is the same, the maturity period is low and the dormancy period is long. In addition, different cultivation areas also affect the length of dormancy. During storage, temperature is also an important factor affecting the dormancy period. In particular, the low temperature at the early stage of storage is very beneficial to prolonging the dormancy period. Potatoes will suffer cold damage below 2°C. However, late-maturing potatoes that are specially processed for fried potato chips or French fries should be stored at 10-13°C.
Appropriate relative humidity for storage of potatoes is 80%-85%, and late-maturing species should be 90%. If the humidity is too high, the dormant period will be shortened and the decay will be increased; if the humidity is too low, the loss will be increased due to the loss of water.
Store potatoes to avoid sunlight. Light energy promotes sprouting and at the same time increases the content of solanine in the tuber. The normal potato block solanine glycoside content does not exceed 0.02%, harmless to humans and animals. If it is in the sun or sprouting, the content of solanine glycosides will increase sharply, and if it is eaten, it will have a toxic effect on humans and animals.
(III) Storage and transportation methods
1. Gathered in the Luanda region of Liaoning Province, potato was harvested in July and was stored in the house or under the arbours until the end of October. Storage depth of 1-1.2 meters, width 1-1.5 meters, unlimited length. The tubers are piled up to 0.2 meters above the ground and covered with soil for thermal insulation. Afterwards, the temperature drops and the soil is covered in stages. The total thickness of the soil is about 0.8 meters. Tubers should not be piled too high, otherwise the temperature in the bottom and middle of the trenches will be high and it will easily rot.
2. The cellar deposits in Shanxi and Northwest China are more viscous, and they are mostly used in cellar pits. Each cellar can store 3,000 kg. Well cellar structure can refer to the principle of vegetable storage and relevant parts of the basic method.
In places with hillocks or hillsides, people can use kiln storage. Dig into a cave dwelling in the horizontal direction toward the earth cliffs. The hole is 2.5 meters high, 1.5 meters wide, and 6 meters long. The cellar dome is rounded and the bottom is inclined, the same as the pit. Each cellar can store 3500 kg.
Pits and kilns are ventilated with cellar vents and temperature and humidity are adjusted. Storage in the cellar should not be too full. When the temperature is low, the cellar covers grass curtains to prevent cold. If properly managed, the cellar temperature is stable and the storage effect is good.
3. Shelf storage is widely used in Northeast China. The pit cellar is similar to the Chinese cabbage cellar, with a depth of 2 meters, a width of 2 to 2.5 meters, and a length of 8 meters. The cellar roof is covered with straw, and the total thickness is 0.3 meters. When the weather is cold, it covers 0.6 meters of straw stalk insulation. A 0.5-meter-0.6-meter entrance is set at the corner of the pit, which can also be used for ventilation. Each cellar can store 3000-3500 kg.
The potato in Heilongjiang was harvested in October and entered the pit immediately after harvesting. The potato pile was 1.5-2 meters high. After harvesting in mid-to-late September, Jilin will be pre-stored for a short period of time and will be moved into storage in the open pit in late October. The surface of winter potato piles should be covered with straw to prevent cold.
4. Ventilation storehouses are generally stored in stacks, piled up 1.3-2 meters high, and placed one vertical ventilator every 2-3 meters. Through the use of wood or bamboo sheet surface fence, cross-sectional area of ​​0.3 meters 0.3 meters. The lower end of the ventilator tube should be in contact with the ground, and the upper end of the ventilator tube should extend out of the potato stack for ventilation. If stored in baskets, the storage effect is also very good. Check 1 to 2 times during storage.
Regardless of the storage method used, there must be some space around the potato stack to facilitate ventilation. Calculated with the area of ​​the ventilation warehouse, the gap should not be less than 1/3.
5. Potatoes harvested during chemical summer storage in the summer and autumn in the south, due to the lack of suitable storage conditions, germinate after their resting period. In order to inhibit germination, approximately mid-dormancy can be treated with methyl alpha-naphthaleneacetate (also known as methyl naphthylacetate). Every 10 tons of potato block medication 0.4-0.5 kilograms, add 15-30 kilograms of fine soil made of powder, sprinkled in the potato heap. Suppression can also be done with Qingxin (MH). The concentration of the drug should be 3% to 5%. It should be sprayed three to four weeks before the appropriate harvest period. In the event of rain, it should be sprayed again.
6. Transportation and packaging Short-distance transport can be used for vehicles, small and medium-sized tractors and manpower tricycles. The packaging can be basket-based or bulk-loaded; medium-to-long-distance transport can be carried by cars or trains as sacks or woven bags and baskets or boxes. .
When transporting, it must be protected from high temperatures, moisture, and frost, and mechanical damage should be avoided as much as possible.
(D) The quality standards of the listed potato block color is positive, no purple or green; tuber hypertrophy is full, complete; no germination, pests and mechanical injury; no frost, rot, no dehydration. It can be graded and packaged according to the type of variety, the size of the tuber, the degree of regularity, and the quality of the specifications. Packaging materials can be selected from woven bags, paper bags, plastic bags, and baskets and boxes.
(i) Harvesting requirements When the plants are brown, underground tubers enter a dormant period, which is the best time to harvest. The harvest should be selected before the frost arrives, and at the same time it is required to be carried out on sunny days and when the soil is dry. When harvesting, the plants are cut off first, and after deep-rooting the soil, they must be aired in the field, but do not expose them to the sun. After harvesting, tubers from pests and mechanical damage are removed from the field and graded. Before the storage, the tuber is placed at 10-20°C for 10-14 days (if the temperature is low for a long time), the wound is healed to form a cork layer. The specific method is to pile up the tubers in a ventilated room, where they are to be inserted into a straw or a ventilation tube made of bamboo for ventilation and cooling. The stack height must not exceed 0.5 meters and the width should not exceed 2 meters. At the same time, we must pay attention to rain, sun, and shading. For ventilation purposes, a ventilation ditch can also be provided below the pile of potato chips. It is necessary to check and reverse regularly to reduce the temperature and humidity in the potato heap and detect decayed potato.
(ii) Storage characteristics Potato tubers have a significant physiological dormancy period after harvest. The dormancy period is generally 2 months to 4 months. Generally early-maturing varieties have a long period of dormancy. There are also differences in the dormancy periods of potato size and maturity. If the potato size is the same, the maturity period is low and the dormancy period is long. In addition, different cultivation areas also affect the length of dormancy. During storage, temperature is also an important factor affecting the dormancy period. In particular, the low temperature at the early stage of storage is very beneficial to prolonging the dormancy period. Potatoes will suffer cold damage below 2°C. However, late-maturing potatoes that are specially processed for fried potato chips or French fries should be stored at 10-13°C.
Appropriate relative humidity for storage of potatoes is 80%-85%, and late-maturing species should be 90%. If the humidity is too high, the dormant period will be shortened and the decay will be increased; if the humidity is too low, the loss will be increased due to the loss of water.
Store potatoes to avoid sunlight. Light energy promotes sprouting and at the same time increases the content of solanine in the tuber. The normal potato block solanine glycoside content does not exceed 0.02%, harmless to humans and animals. If it is in the sun or sprouting, the content of solanine glycosides will increase sharply, and if it is eaten, it will have a toxic effect on humans and animals.
(III) Storage and transportation methods
1. Gathered in the Luanda region of Liaoning Province, potato was harvested in July and was stored in the house or under the arbours until the end of October. Storage depth of 1-1.2 meters, width 1-1.5 meters, unlimited length. The tubers are piled up to 0.2 meters above the ground and covered with soil for thermal insulation. Afterwards, the temperature drops and the soil is covered in stages. The total thickness of the soil is about 0.8 meters. Tubers should not be piled too high, otherwise the temperature in the bottom and middle of the trenches will be high and it will easily rot.
2. The cellar deposits in Shanxi and Northwest China are more viscous, and they are mostly used in cellar pits. Each cellar can store 3,000 kg. Well cellar structure can refer to the principle of vegetable storage and relevant parts of the basic method.
In places with hillocks or hillsides, people can use kiln storage. Dig into a cave dwelling in the horizontal direction toward the earth cliffs. The hole is 2.5 meters high, 1.5 meters wide, and 6 meters long. The cellar dome is rounded and the bottom is inclined, the same as the pit. Each cellar can store 3500 kg.
Pits and kilns are ventilated with cellar vents and temperature and humidity are adjusted. Storage in the cellar should not be too full. When the temperature is low, the cellar covers grass curtains to prevent cold. If properly managed, the cellar temperature is stable and the storage effect is good.
3. Shelf storage is widely used in Northeast China. The pit cellar is similar to the Chinese cabbage cellar, with a depth of 2 meters, a width of 2 to 2.5 meters, and a length of 8 meters. The cellar roof is covered with straw, and the total thickness is 0.3 meters. When the weather is cold, it covers 0.6 meters of straw stalk insulation. A 0.5-meter-0.6-meter entrance is set at the corner of the pit, which can also be used for ventilation. Each cellar can store 3000-3500 kg.
The potato in Heilongjiang was harvested in October and entered the pit immediately after harvesting. The potato pile was 1.5-2 meters high. After harvesting in mid-to-late September, Jilin will be pre-stored for a short period of time and will be moved into storage in the open pit in late October. The surface of winter potato piles should be covered with straw to prevent cold.
4. Ventilation storehouses are generally stored in stacks, piled up 1.3-2 meters high, and placed one vertical ventilator every 2-3 meters. Through the use of wood or bamboo sheet surface fence, cross-sectional area of ​​0.3 meters 0.3 meters. The lower end of the ventilator tube should be in contact with the ground, and the upper end of the ventilator tube should extend out of the potato stack for ventilation. If stored in baskets, the storage effect is also very good. Check 1 to 2 times during storage.
Regardless of the storage method used, there must be some space around the potato stack to facilitate ventilation. Calculated with the area of ​​the ventilation warehouse, the gap should not be less than 1/3.
5. Potatoes harvested during chemical summer storage in the summer and autumn in the south, due to the lack of suitable storage conditions, germinate after their resting period. In order to inhibit germination, approximately mid-dormancy can be treated with methyl alpha-naphthaleneacetate (also known as methyl naphthylacetate). Every 10 tons of potato block medication 0.4-0.5 kilograms, add 15-30 kilograms of fine soil made of powder, sprinkled in the potato heap. Suppression can also be done with Qingxin (MH). The concentration of the drug should be 3% to 5%. It should be sprayed three to four weeks before the appropriate harvest period. In the event of rain, it should be sprayed again.
6. Transportation and packaging Short-distance transport can be used for vehicles, small and medium-sized tractors and manpower tricycles. The packaging can be basket-based or bulk-loaded; medium-to-long-distance transport can be carried by cars or trains as sacks or woven bags and baskets or boxes. .
When transporting, it must be protected from high temperatures, moisture, and frost, and mechanical damage should be avoided as much as possible.
(D) The quality standards of the listed potato block color is positive, no purple or green; tuber hypertrophy is full, complete; no germination, pests and mechanical injury; no frost, rot, no dehydration. It can be graded and packaged according to the type of variety, the size of the tuber, the degree of regularity, and the quality of the specifications. Packaging materials can be selected from woven bags, paper bags, plastic bags, and baskets and boxes.
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