The principles of fertilizing a tea garden are essential for maintaining healthy plant growth and maximizing yield. First, organic fertilizers should be the primary source, with a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers to ensure balanced nutrient supply. Second, nitrogen is the main nutrient required, but it should be used alongside phosphorus and potassium to provide a complete range of nutrients. Third, both basal fertilizer and topdressing should be emphasized, ensuring that nutrients are applied at the right time and in the right amount. Fourth, fertilization should be done rationally, based on the specific needs of the tea plants and soil conditions. Finally, the focus should be on rhizosphere fertilization, which involves applying nutrients directly around the root zone, while also using foliar applications when necessary.
Regarding the techniques for fertilizing tea gardens, the key is to understand the timing and methods of application. For basal fertilizer, it's best to apply it during late autumn or early winter, ideally after the aboveground parts of the tea plants have stopped growing or when the tea plantation has closed in. The earlier the basal fertilizer is applied, the better, as it allows the nutrients to be absorbed before the next growing season.
Topdressing should be applied in different stages of the tea-growing season. Based on the annual growth cycle of the tea plant, its developmental needs, and the local climate and soil conditions, young tea plants typically receive one application per year, while mature tea plants may require three topdressing sessions annually. The best time to apply topdressing is at the beginning of each growth season or during the bud stage of the tea leaves.
Fertilization in tea gardens can be done through various methods such as acupuncture, trenching, broadcasting, and surface application. Acupuncture involves concentrated fertilizer application, which is both efficient and cost-effective. In newly planted tea gardens, where the spacing between tea plants is not yet closed, holes can be dug 10 to 30 cm away from the base of the tea plant. On sloped fields, trenches are usually opened in spring above the plants and in summer below, rotating the location each season. After applying fertilizer, the soil should be covered promptly to prevent nutrient loss.
Application using a spreader is suitable for closed or nearly closed tea gardens. Since the roots are densely covered, this method is commonly used, especially during wet seasons. It’s important to monitor the concentration of fertilizers to avoid root burn. Ammonium sulfate is typically applied at a concentration of 0.5–1%, while calcium superphosphate is used at 1–2%. When using calcium superphosphate for topdressing, it should be soaked in water for 1–2 days beforehand for better effectiveness. However, to fully realize its benefits, it must be combined with proper harvesting, irrigation, and soil cultivation practices.
Regardless of the fertilization method, it is crucial to combine it with regular weeding and soil cultivation. This helps reduce fertilizer runoff and weed competition, ensuring that the nutrients are effectively utilized by the tea plants. By following these guidelines, farmers can maintain a productive and sustainable tea garden over the long term.
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