(1) Seedlings In North China, early spring squash seedlings are grown in greenhouses or in Yangshuo, and the nursery period is usually in the middle and early March. (2) Soak germination with hot water at 100°C for 5 seconds, immediately cool the cold water to 30°C, soak for 4-6 hours. During this period
The seeds were panned 2-3 times with warm water at 30°C to remove the mucus from the seed surface. The seeds were left to dry for 2 hours and then germinated after the seeds were dry. When germination, the temperature was maintained at 28 to 30°C. After about 36 hours, the seed radicles were exposed, commonly known as dew, and they were sown.
(3) sowing? Use 56 hole seedling tray seedlings. Prior to loading, 2 kg of 40% carbendazim powder was mixed per 1 cubic meter of nursery medium. Spray the nursery medium with fresh water so that the moisture content reaches 70%. When the nursery medium is loaded, a 2 cm space is reserved for the cup. Each seedling cup was sown with one seed of germinated seeds, covered with 2 cm thick expanded vermiculite, and then covered with a mulch. The method of germination of live field can also be used. In the mid-April of the planting season in North China, it can be controlled after the local frost blooms.
(4) Seedling management After sowing, the temperature during the day is maintained at 25 to 30°C and 18°C ​​at night. When 60% of the seed buries, remove
Plastic film, daytime temperature dropped to 20 ~ 25 °C, night 12 ~ 15 °C, to prevent seedlings grow. When the leaves are 2 centimeters long, white
The day temperature is maintained at 25-28°C and 15°C at night. Spray fresh water every 5 days during nursery. When the seedlings 2 leaves 1 heart,
With seedlings medium colonization. ?
(5) Soil preparation and field planting Before and after the establishment of the field, we must deep-seed the soil and weeds, both weathering the soil and eradicating some of the underground pests, and watering for 10 to 15 days before planting. The roots of pumpkins are well-developed and require a large amount of fertilizer. Generally, 3,000 tons of chicken manure was fully cooked per 667 M2, 150 kg of cake fertilizer, 50 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 25 kg of potassium sulfate. Half of the basal fertilizer was applied, and the other half was applied to the planting ditch. The ditch is 2 meters apart, the ditch is 0.6 meters wide, and the depth is 0.5 meters. When digging trenches, the upper layer of raw soil and the lower layer of mature soil are separated. When backfilling, the mature soil and fertilizer are mixed and filled into the bottom of the trench, and then the raw soil is filled and compacted. Then the ridges were raised on the ditch, with a ridge width of 0.8 meters and a height of 0.2 meters. ?
(6) Field Management
1 Colonization Planting in mid-April and mid-April, plants were planted on ridges at a distance of 0.5 meters from each planting site, and then planted with water. ?
2 Fertilizer Management Seedlings When the new roots begin to grow, they are poured once and then covered with plastic film after cultivating. When the plant grows to 5 leaves and 1 heart, 15 kg of urea and 5 kg of potassium sulfate are applied per 667m2, and water is applied immediately. Strictly control fertilization and watering after throwing vines, strengthen cultivator, and prevent leggy. When 70% of the first plants were settled, 500 kg chicken manure was applied per 667 m2. The second melon sits, then water again, and then pay attention to keep the ground moist, can promote the occurrence of a large number of adventitious roots to prevent vines, prevent premature aging of plants, is conducive to the growth of the third melon plant. ?
3 Cultivation and management After planting, heat preservation and temperature increase are the main factors. During the day, the temperature is maintained at 25 to 28°C and at night it must not be lower than 10°C. When the cold weather is encountered in the early spring, a small arch shed or a paper bowl filled with tiles or paper is temporarily added. After throwing vines, timely pruning should be done. Single vine pruning Note timely removal of all lateral branches, double vine pruning is generally topped in five true leaves, leaving two strong lateral branches, planting by vines to guide the orderly growth, full development of adventitious roots and full use of light. The conditions can be used for scaffolding cultivation. The scaffolding cultivation is not only convenient for agricultural operations, but also ventilation and light transmission, which can greatly reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, and is also conducive to the conversion of red squash. After the second or third melon is seated, leave 3-5 leaves to be topped in time to ensure that nutrients are supplied to the growing pumpkin. On the one hand, during the later growth period, the red squash should be shaded properly to avoid strong light irradiation, poor color conversion or sunburn, and on the other hand, attention should be paid to the padding and turning the pumpkin properly to improve the color of the fruit.
(7) Pest control
A virus disease?
The melon virus disease, also known as mosaic disease, occurs in almost all regions of the country where melon crops are grown. In particular, the incidence of viral diseases of pumpkin and summer squash in the field is also the earliest. In northern China, Mosaic virus is the main type; in the Jianghuai region, fern leaf virus disease is more common in recent years. The occurrence of viral disease has seriously affected the yield and quality of red squash, which is reflected in a significant reduction in the number of melons and a reduction in the weight of commercial melons. This makes the appearance of bright red squash into a red and black flower face pumpkin, and some plants with severe virus disease The pumpkins of the knotted pumpkin even appeared black pumpkin. The surface of the pumpkin also became uneven, some covered with knobs and protrusions of different sizes, completely losing the inherent commercial character of the pumpkin and causing serious economic losses to the growers. ?
1. Symptoms There are more than 10 types of viruses that infect cucurbitaceae. Because of the different types of pathogens, there are differences in symptoms. There are mainly mosaic type, shrinkage type, yellow type and necrosis type, compound infection type and so on. The growth and development of the mosaic plants are weak. Firstly, the leaves at the top of the plant produce dark green and light green leaves and mottled leaves. The leaves become smaller and deformed and have a certain impact on the yield. The wrinkled type, leaf shrinkage, foam spots, severe with the fern leaves, leaflets and chicken claws and other deformities. Vein necrosis and mixed type, light brown necrosis along leaf veins on leaf blade, rust color necrotic mottle on petiole and melon vine, often causing leaves to scorch, vines to twist, vines to shorten, dwarf plants. The victimization of the fruit becomes smaller and deformed, leading to premature death of the plant in the field and even death. 2. Infection cycle of circulating squash virus disease caused by virus infection, there are mainly 3 to 4 kinds of viruses on the pumpkin complex infection hazard. Due to the large number of viruses, wintering sites are also more complex. Some viruses can overwinter on perennial weeds and overwintering vegetables, and some viruses can overwinter in seeds or soil. With the help of maggots or whitefly poisons, it is also reliably rubbed for transmission, and the virus can infect more hosts. ?
3. Onset conditions The weather is dry, and when the locust occurrence is severe, the virus disease becomes severe. There are many occurrences of whitefly in the greenhouse, and the virus disease is also heavy. There are many weeds in the field, weeding can not be timely, lack of water supply, plant growth is weak, the incidence is also heavy. Extensive field management and human transmission can aggravate the occurrence of diseases. ?
4. Comprehensive control technology?
(1) Seed Treatment Dry heat sterilization of seeds, dry heat incubator first treated at 40 °C for 24 hours, then treated at 18 °C for 2 to 3 days, can reduce the seed virus rate. After soaking for 20 minutes with 10% trisodium phosphate solution, washing with clean water and then sowing, the virus carried on the seed surface can be rendered inactive. ?
(2) Cultivate disease-free seedlings, use disease-free soil as bed soil, apply completely decomposed organic fertilizer as base fertilizer, and prevent aphids and whiteflies.
Enter the seedbed to injure the seedlings and pass the virus. ?
(3) Active prevention and control of aphids and whitefly before the colonization of the seedlings, so that the seedlings with drug colonization. ?
(4) Strengthen the management and management of weeds in the head of the field as soon as possible. Formula fertilization technology, appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. timely
Watering to prevent drought. After squashing, it should be watered with fertilizer. ?
(5) Prevention of human transmission Early removal of diseased plants, placing them in plastic woven bags and bringing them deep outside the field. Hand applied to strains after application
After washing your hands with soap, perform agricultural operations. Sick and healthy plants should be managed separately. ?
(6) Spraying control In the early stage of disease, 20% virus A WP 500 times, or 1.5% phytosanitary emulsion 1000 can be used.
Diluent, or 100 times the 83-sensitizer, spray. Spray once every 10 days, even spray 2 or 3 times, each spraying liquid 50 to 60 kg per 667 square meters. ?
(7) Notices?
1 For virus diseases, there are currently no effective chemical agents for prevention and control. General prevention and control measures are generally adopted.
Sub-disinfection and eradication of aphids, greenhouse whitefly, and prevention of drug transmission are key measures. ?
2 Where conditions permit, seedling stage can be vaccinated with S52? attenuated vaccine. ?
(8) Locusts?
Aphids, also known as honeyworms, oil bugs, insects, ants, oils and sweats, are the most common and most harmful ones in vegetable production.
Insects are also one of the most difficult pests to control. ?
1. Morphological characteristics Adult body length 1.5 to 2.6 mm, divided into winged and wingless types. Body color due to different species and seasonal changes
It has yellow, yellow-green, gray-green, dark green, red-brown and other types. The head is smaller, the abdomen is larger, and it is oval in shape. 2. Occurrence pattern in the open field pumpkin, there are two peaks in a year, that is, 5 to June and September to October, the average temperature is 23 to 27 °C, relative humidity of 75% to 85%, the most serious damage The fastest breeding. As the area of ​​protected areas expands year by year, the temperature and humidity conditions in the protected areas are also suitable for the survival of the locusts, thus forming a way to protect the land from the protected areas to the open ground and then returning them from the open areas to the protected areas. ?
3. Disease characteristics Chengzhi and Ruoqiang were clustered on the young leaves and growing points of the plants, and they sucked plant juices.
Point, making the leaves curl yellow, heavy withered, causing the plant body water loss malnutrition, slow growth, and even withered. aphid
It also secretes a honeydew, which hinders the normal growth of the plant, and can also cause coal pollution. More seriously, aphids are the transmission medium for many vegetable viruses, resulting in the occurrence of vegetable virus disease, resulting in a greater economy. loss. ?
4. Comprehensive control technology?
(1) Cleaning the field In the early spring when the weeds germinate, herbicides are sprayed to kill the weeds in the fields. After the pumpkin is harvested, it should be
Remove dead leaves and weeds in the field, bury or burn.
(2) Breeding strong seedlings without mites In the nursery period, various measures must be taken to avoid being harmed by mites. When conditions permit, the use of colonization with drugs can be used to prevent caries.
(3) Try to avoid planting together with other melon crops. Especially in early spring, watermelons and cucumbers are colonized earlier in the shed. Plants have more or less tapeworms and whiteflies, which can easily spread to the pumpkin. Seedlings produce virus disease hazards.
(4) Before worming in the shed, plant the shed with a dose of 300 to 350 g of 10% killer guillotine smoke, or 22% of the dichlorvos smoke agent 500 grams per 667m2. In the evening, seal the film, fumigate, and kill. Residues in the shed. You can also sprinkle sawdust, straw, and other things in the pots, sprinkle with dichlorvos, and ignite with several red-hot briquettes for fumigation. For every 667 m2 of sheds, 80% of dichlorvos emulsifiable concentrate is required to be 0.25-0.4 kg, and the next morning is ventilated and then replanted. ?
(5) The repellent tapeworm method uses silver gray film to repel aphids. ?
1 The plastic film shall be covered by the plastic film, and the entire vegetable field shall be well covered. The silver film shall be used instead of the plastic film to cover and then be planted. ?
2 The method of small arch can be used to replace the ordinary film covering the small arch shed with a silver ash film, or to pull the silver ash film strip on the small arch shed. ?
3 shade net method can be covered with silver shade net. ?
(6) The trapping method can be used for fiberboard or cardboard, which is 1 meter long and 0.2 meters wide. It is first painted with a layer of yellow advertising or yellow paint. After drying, it is coated with a layer of viscous yellow motor oil and inserted into the board. Field, 30 to 60 cm above crop, every 667 m2
Insert 32 to 34 pieces and recoat a layer of oil every 7 to 10 days. ?
(7) spraying control?
1 Organic Phosphorus Insecticide can use 80% of Dichlorvos EC 1000-1500 times, or 30% of Acephate EC 1000
~1500 times solution, or 50% phoxim EC 1000x, or 50% Malathion EC 1500x, or 25% quetiathione
Phosphorus EC 2000 times. ?
2 Pyrethroid insecticides can be used 2.5% Kung Fu EC 3000 ~ 5000 times, or 10% Uranus EC 3000 ~ 4000 times, or 20% Fenvalerate EC 2000 times, or 25% deltamethrin EC 2000 to 3000 times liquid. ?
3Combined insecticides can be used 20% Chrysanthemum Chorion 2000 times, or 25% Leucone EC 1500 times, or 60% Enma EC 1
000 times liquid, or 21% killing emulsion 3000 times, or 40% chrysanthemum killing 2000 times. ?
The above-mentioned agents can be sprayed and controlled when the aphids occur at the beginning. Every time 667 m2 spray liquid 50 to 75 kg, as appropriate, 2
~ 3 times.
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