Outside the part of the skeleton, the internal structure is also repeated according to the body section. There are no skeletons. The outside is covered with a thin, pigmented chitin layer. There are bristles on the body section. The shape of the beak is usually a slender cylindrical shape with a slightly pointed head and tail, and its length and thickness often vary greatly depending on the species.
Aquatic carcass walls are generally free of pigments. The body wall is opaque, often pale white or gray, or pink and reddish due to the presence of hemoglobin in the capillaries of the body wall. For example, there are green and other oily granular substances in the epidermis of the family Corniidae, so they are different. The body color.
Breeding and Management (1) Breeding of species Breeding species suitable for rearing include E. aureus, E. militaris, E. militaris, E. sinensis, etc. Among them, A. euphorbia is more suitable as a bait for Chinese Rana sylvatica. The "Daping No. 2" and "North Star No. 2" which are currently widely bred are introduced from Japan in the late 1970s. The demonstration results of Professor Xu Zhifang of Nanjing University show that they are just children and only after being artificially domesticated. The body weight and reproduction rate have been improved under good conditions, and the annual reproductive rate can reach 2000 to 3000 times after introduction into China. "Daping No. 2" is easy to raise and has strong adaptability, but it is easily degraded. It is necessary to make purification and rejuvenation work during the breeding process. Introduction can be directly introduced into adult quail, and the culture medium of uncultured quail can also be directly transported to a new farm for breeding.
(ii) Preparation of Feeding Subsets In order to increase yield and yield, the preparation of feeders is a key task: because the effects of food on cockroaches are not only quantitative but also qualitative. Food has a direct impact on calving and reproduction. For example, the use of cow dung and sheep dung to feed clams is several to ten times higher than the number of cockroaches produced from cockroaches fed with roughage and wheat straw.
Cockroaches feed primarily on corrupt organic matter. As long as it is non-toxic, suitable pH (PH6 ~ 7), low salinity, organic matter after microbial decomposition can be used as feed. For example, livestock manure, agricultural and sideline products are processed waste, distiller's grains, sugar residue, sawdust, household waste, animal internal organs, various weeds and fallen leaves, dead wood and waste after cultivation of edible fungi, etc. Favorite food feed.
Although they feed on spoiled organic matter, they have a certain degree of selectivity for various organic substances. Under natural conditions, alfalfa mainly eats organic materials rich in calcium and protein, such as litter. Many wolfberries are particularly sensitive to sweet and sour taste and savory taste. Therefore, if some rotting fruits and vegetables are added to the feed, the internal organs of poultry, livestock and fish, and the water after washing poultry, livestock and fish will increase the appetite of quail.
In the preparation and selection of feed must also pay attention to the proportion of nutrition contained in the feed, in order to achieve the mutual balance of nutrients, so that wolfberry can quickly grow and reproduce. Generally take feces (people or pigs, sheep, rabbits, cattle, horses, chicken feces, of course, can also be used food factory waste) 60%, all kinds of vegetable waste, melon skin and various sludge (Tang mud, Sewer sludge, etc.), straw (weeds, wheat rice, sorghum, corn stalks), sawdust, garbage, and 40% of various leaves, all of which have been prepared through stacking and fermentation, can achieve satisfactory results.
Although cockroaches require extensive feed, intensive and large-scale farming requires the preparation of feed. The most important part of the feed preparation process is that feed organics must be fully fermented and cooked to make them fine, soft, rotten, rich in nutrition, easy to digest, and good palatability. If unfermented feed is used to feed cockroaches, clams will not only refuse to feed, but unfermented feeds will ferment over time, resulting in high temperatures (60-80°C) and the release of large amounts of harmful gases such as ammonia. Gas, methane, etc., can cause a great deal of death.
1. The feed for processing mash before feed fermentation is generally divided into basic feed and added feed. The former is a must-have, basic feed for long-term habitat and feeding; the latter is a feed for alfalfa supplemented with basic feed, and is often used to feed supplemental feed to the feeding box or bed during aquaculture. However, whether it is basal feed or added feed, it must be processed first before composting. Such as plant weeds, leaves, straw, wheat straw and other generally should be cut into 1 cm or so; vegetables and fruits, livestock waste, etc. should be cut into small pieces, in order to facilitate the fermentation and corruption; living garbage and other organic substances, must Screening is performed to remove inorganic waste such as broken bricks, rubble, rubber, plastics, metals, and glass, followed by crushing.
2. Conditions for stacking fermented feeds There are many methods for feed fermentation of aquaculture quails, and stacking methods are generally used. The stacking method is simple and easy to carry out, and it can be carried out on a large scale. The following conditions should be met when the feed is stacked:
1 Ventilation When fast-stacking feedstuffs, care must be taken to ensure good ventilation conditions, because decomposition of organic matter in feedstuffs mainly depends on aerobic bacterial decomposition and fermentation, good ventilation environment, adequate oxygen supply, and promotion of aerobic microorganism growth. Breeding, which can greatly speed up the decomposition and corruption of feed. In order to facilitate the ventilation of feedstuff stacking, 60% of manure is commonly used, and 40% of forage is mixed with each other. When stacking feedstuffs, the ventilation condition is often related to the accumulation density during feed stacking and the moisture content in the feed.
2 Moisture When stacking feedstuffs, the feedstuff should be kept moist and have adequate moisture, as microbiological activity and reproduction usually favor wet conditions. The optimum water content for fast-stacked feed heap fermentation is 60% to 80%. When the preparation is done, the feed can be hand-held. The water can be dripped down, or inserted into the feed heap with wooden sticks.
3 Nutrition When stacking fermented feeds, take full account of the nutrients required to decompose the fermenting microorganisms.
4 The temperature should also pay special attention to the temperature in the feed heap when stacking the feed; too high or too low temperature in the feed heap will be detrimental to the decomposition and fermentation of the feed heap. The most suitable temperature for general microbial life is between 15 and 37°C.
5 Acidity and alkalinity The pH of the feed heap should also be fully taken into consideration when stacking the feed. Excessive acid or alkali may adversely affect feed decomposition and fermentation. Because the organic matter decomposing microorganisms are very sensitive to the pH response.
3. The specific operation method of feed stacking is 40% for forage, 60% for manure, and appropriate amount of soil. The thickness of the forage layer is about 6-9 cm, and the thickness of the manure layer is about 3-6 cm; the forage and manure should be alternately laid, and alternately bedding 3 to 5 layers and watering until the material piles seep out of the water, and then repeat the shop Put 3 to 5 layers, and then water; feed heap height of about 1 meter. The shape and size of the feed pile can vary depending on the weather and the area. In the dry season, it can be piled into a flat top and can be arched slightly. In the rainy season, it can be shaped like a dome. For large-scale, large-scale accumulation of feed, rectangular shapes can be used. The bottom of the feed pile can be made of wood strips, rough bamboo poles, etc. A triangular vent.
The piles of feed that are usually piled up in the warm season will accumulate until the next day, and the temperature will gradually increase. After 7 days, the feeds in the piles will be rapidly decomposed and fermented. Sooner or later, the white smoke on the piles can sometimes be seen. After the feed fermentation in the stockpile reaches a climax, it gradually cools down. When the temperature in the stockpile drops to around 50°C, the first turn is possible. When turning the pile, attention should be paid to first collecting the unfermented and decomposed feed on the surface and above the material pile, and then mixing the decomposed fermented and decomposed feed evenly. If the agglomerated material is found to be crushed, thinned, and then repacked. , The amount of water, add some soluble nitrogen (such as ammonia, urea, etc.), but to mix well. Above the feed pile can be covered with curtains, straw or weeds, wheat straw, straw, one can prevent the loss of heat energy, play a role in insulation, and the other can also prevent the stack moisture evaporation and rain pouring. If the material pile collapses due to fermented ripening, it must be timely filled with feed around to prevent the infiltration of rainwater and affect the decomposition and fermentation of the material pile. The piles were dumped for a second time after two months of heaping in order to completely decompose and ferment the piles. After the second turnover, it can continue to turn 3 to 6 times, and it is to be turned every 5 days, 3 days and 2 days.
4. Nutrient composition of feed When composting feed, it is very important to pay attention to the nutrient composition and ratio in the feed, so that in the culture of cockroaches, you can receive a multiplier effect. Because of the different feeds, which contain different nutrients and amounts, the effects on the growth and reproduction of earthworms are not the same. The chemical composition and composition of the feed are the most basic indicators for evaluating the nutritional value of the feed, but the nutritional value of the feed depends mainly on the content of protein and fat.
Feeding alfalfa with different feeds has different growth, reproduction rates, and yields. Therefore, it is necessary to feed quail with full-priced feeds in order to obtain superior quality and abundant yields.
Under the same raising conditions, if a single feed is used to feed the “Daping No. 2†Aiko Aisheng, the weight gain and production volume of the fish will be significantly higher than when feeding a mixed feed. The difference is that we must rationally and scientifically match various feeds in order to receive the best aquaculture benefits. (3) The young quail hatchlings have just hatched from their cocoons and are generally silky, weak, young, and highly metabolic. The growth and development are extremely fast and special attention should be paid to management. When feeding feeds, care should be taken to choose loose, soft and nutritious feeds. In order to make the young live in a fresh air environment, you can use a thin layer of feed to feed. When you add water, you should not splash it. Spray it with a sprayer to make the water misty. Spray it 2-3 times per day, but not Any accumulation of water. The temperature should be controlled between 20 ~ 35 °C. When breeding, special attention should also be paid to natural enemies such as ants, spiders, and rats.
(D) Incubation of the cockroaches The cockroaches cultured by the cockroach are generally produced from cockroaches and eat the remaining feed. The manure and the remaining feed can be collected and hatched in boxes or baskets. The temperature directly affects the hatching rate and the length of hatching time. The higher the temperature during hatching, the shorter the incubation time, but the hatching rate and shelling rate will decrease. The best temperature for hatching is generally around 20°C. After hatching, hatchlings should be transferred to the environment of 25 to 33°C and cultured with sufficient fresh, nutritious feed.
(e) Anti-escape and anti-enemies In general feeding conditions, if the temperature, humidity, adequate feed, air, smooth, no bright light, no excessive water, will not escape. The density is too high in the culture of earthworms, and the supply of food, oxygen, etc. is insufficient, often causing escape of the earthworms.
There are many natural enemies of crickets, including various birds, reptiles, amphibians, arthropods and various parasites. Birds, snakes, frogs, cockroaches, rats, and ants are very fond of eating quails. Rats often enter large amounts of feed and feed on farms, which poses a great threat to farmed cockroaches.
(6) Disease Prevention and Control Many intermediate parasites are parasites. These parasites must spend their lives in order to spend their time in the body and absorb nutrients in their bodies. This will cause damage to louse. There are also some of the original cavity animals, such as nematodes, often parasitizing eel esophagus, body cavity, blood vessels. However, there are few bacteria, viruses, and microorganisms that can cause lice.
(7) It is an indispensable part of the development of alfalfa breeding when wintering over the winter. Farmland, gardens, and wild breeding quails can be transferred to shed culture in winter to maintain the temperature and humidity of the quail breeding environment so that the pheasants can grow and develop in the winter and reproduce in calving.
(8) Harvesting of earthworms We put favorite fodder in cages of 15 mesh and bury the cages in the troughs to collect the mussels. At a temperature of 20°C, the cockroach almost fills the cage after 7 days. Remove the cage and use a suitable sieve to remove the mixed amount of earthworm feces. This method can be used for pit farming, pond raising, grazing, and farm farming. It is also possible to entice crickets by casting fresh, lovable food around the breeding grounds.
According to the habit of fear of heat and fear of heat, to separate crickets. Put the cockroach inside the screen and use sunlight or strong light to illuminate it. The cockroach will automatically move downwards and climb out. It can also be separated according to the characteristics of flooding, flooding a large amount of water into aquaculture ponds, and will automatically climb out of the ground.
Farming facilities and equipment (a) The pot raising method utilizes pots, jars, pots and other containers that are not used for keeping. Due to the small size and limited volume of pots and cylinders, it is generally only suitable for the breeding of some species that are not easy to escape, such as Echizen. The pot raising method is suitable for small-scale farming. Its advantages are simple farming, easy management, easy handling, easy control of temperature and humidity.
(b) The box and basket culture methods can be used for aquaculture, such as discarded containers, wicker baskets, and bamboo baskets. The size and shape of boxes and baskets should be easy to handle and easy to manage. Generally, the area of ​​boxes and baskets should not exceed 1 square meter. There are drainage and vent holes on the bottom and side of the culture box. For ease of handling, handle handles can be mounted on both sides of the box. The bottom of the tank and the side of the tank drainage, vent hole diameter of 0.6 ~ 1.5 cm; in addition to the vent hole can be vented, it can also control the temperature inside the box, not because of the fermentation of the feed and the box is too high. In addition, part of the earthworm feces will also slowly leak from the box hole to facilitate the separation of earthworm feces and earthworms. The thickness of the feed in the box should be appropriate, and it can be adjusted according to different seasons and temperature and humidity. The thickness of the feed can be thickened appropriately in winter. However, if the feed is loaded too much, it may cause poor ventilation; if the feed is loaded too little, it is easy to lose moisture. , Drying, thus affecting the growth and reproduction of earthworms. In order to reduce the evaporation of feed moisture in the box and maintain a certain humidity, besides spraying water, the surface of the feed may also be covered with plastic film, sacks, mats, drapes, and the like. The breeding box can also be replaced by a plastic box, which has the advantages of low cost, durability, non-perishability, and the like.
To increase the scale of farming, the same specifications of the breeding boxes can be stacked to form a three-dimensional culture. This will reduce the site area and increase the amount and production of the culture. For large-scale intensive farming, indoor multi-layer breeding bed breeding can be used to make full use of the limited space and space, and to increase breeding quantity and yield. The multi-layer feeding bed can be reinforced with steel bars, welded with angle iron or bamboo rafts, wooden poles, bricks, cement boards, etc. The breeding box is placed on a breeding bed, generally 4 to 5 layers are suitable. High is inconvenient for operation and management. It is too low and not economical. A channel (about 1.5 meters or so) should be left between the two rows of bed frames for easy access and management of the farmer. The room where the breeding bed is placed should be provided with a complete ventilation and ventilation facility so as to facilitate gas exchange and keep the indoor air fresh and conducive to the growth and reproduction of earthworms. Indoor temperature should be taken into account in winter, and heating and insulation measures can be taken. Lighting facilities should be installed in the culture room for night lighting to prevent escape. In addition to the facilities mentioned above, thermometers, hygrometers, and sprayers should be provided.
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