1. Stubbles: Strong buds on the back of the main branch and sub-main branch, and buds near the cuts after cutting off the strong branch, bent parts of large branches, long branches with short branches after the big branches, and residual branches and branches after shearing of short fruit branches. Buds, easy to take long branches, should be erased as soon as possible. After sawing large branches in winter, near the kerfs, short fruit buds at the bud cluster, and late budding buds often form leggy branches or useless leaves, they should be erased in time. Second, improve the fruit rate: 1, artificial pollination: artificial pollination can not only improve the fruit rate, but also effectively increase the rate of large fruit, improve quality. (1) Pollen collection: Pollen collection is often combined with sparse flowering. Pollen is generally collected from trees suitable for pollination and earlier flowering. Pear blossom earlier and more pollen, and pollination rate with other varieties is high, is a better pollination varieties. When the buds are to be placed, it is best to collect them in the shape of a balloon or when the petals are open. The flowers were rubbed with both hands to separate the anthers from the filaments, and the anthers were screened with a fine sieve. If the flower or petals are dew after the rain, dry it and then rub the flowers. After the anther has been taken, spread evenly on the plate or on the paper. Use an infrared lamp or an ordinary bulb to adjust the distance between the bulb and the anther to maintain the temperature at 20-25°C. If necessary, use a thermostat. After the anther is cracked, pollen is dispersed and collected for use. For short-term storage, pollen can be placed in a dry bottle or kept dry in dark conditions. (2) Pollination time: pollination is effective within 5 to 7 days after flowering, and should be suitable within 3 days. Pollination can be conducted from 8 am to 4 pm, and the appropriate time varies depending on the flowering climate. When the temperature is lower than 10°C, the pollination effect is poor. When the flowering period is low, the temperature should be selected before the mid-afternoon rises above 12°C. In case of high temperatures, when the maximum daily temperature reaches around 30 °C, pollination should be conducted in the morning or evening, otherwise the stigma will be dry and no effect. Pollination suitable temperature is 15 °C -20 °C. When the climate is bad during flowering, it is best to pollinate twice. (3) pollination tools: available brush, soft rubber, sheep hair. Can also use 12-14 lead wire 7-8 centimeters, one end nests into 1-1.5 centimeter valve rubber. Pollen flourishes in washed and dried vials and can be given about 10 flowers in a pollen. (4) Pollination method: In order to save pollen, pollen may be diluted with pine pollen, milk powder, lotus root starch, starch and other fillers before pollination, and the diluted amount may be about 2 times of the pollen amount. If using an artificial pollinator, it can be diluted 10 to 20 times and mix well. If the pollen germination rate is lower than 30% for artificial pollination, it is not necessary to add a filler. When pollinating, according to the fruit-retaining standard for the flowers 25 meters below the tree height, two fresh flowers just opened were granted for each flower, and about 10,000 flowers were granted per acre. It is also possible to put the diluted pollen in a gauze bag and attach it to bamboo rafts. Then use a wooden stick to gently tap the bamboo raft and sprinkle the pollen on the flowers. This method requires about 50 grams of pollen per mu. The pollen can also be mixed into a 15% sucrose solution and sprayed on the stigma of the flower with a sprayer. This method requires about 80-100 g/mu of pollen. 2, hanging squid: a single species of pear orchard to solve the pollination, the buds can be used to pollinate the flowering branch into the water tank or plastic bag (cup), hung in the tree, usually a large tree to hang 4-5 Only cans. 3, flowering bee: flowering bee during flowering is conducive to pollination and fertilization, can significantly improve the fruit rate. Chinese bees are out at 6°C. Italian bees need to start their activities when they are above 15°C. Generally, 2-3 boxes of bees are placed every 10 acres of pear orchard. 4. Other measures: Spraying 0.2%-0.3% boric acid, 0.3% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 15ppm naphthalene acetic acid or other organic nutrient liquid fertilizers can increase the fruit setting rate. 5. Anti-frosting during flowering: The pear gardens that are vulnerable to late frost in the flowering period, especially the higher pear gardens in the mountains, should pay attention to the frost-fighting during flowering. The main method is to increase fertilization materials, strengthen tree vigor; irrigation before flowering; smoke smoke and other anti-frost. Third, thinning and thinning fruit: 1, thin flowers (buds): When the buds are exposed, the buds are pressed with fingers from top to bottom and the pedicels are broken. Pay attention to the preservation of the young leaves that grow in the inflorescence. This part leaves the leaves early and is the basis for the early formation of the total leaf area. The standard of sparse buds leaves an inflorescence by every 20 centimeters. Should be sparsely strong, sparsely small to stay large; sparsely dense and sparse, sparsely (flower buds) to stay at the top (top floral buds); sparsely left (upside of the crown); sparse buds that are too late. After the inflorescences are outstretched, the subflora should be removed in time to retain the normal flowers. 2. Fruit thinning: 10 to 15 days after flowering and flowering, leave 1-2 fruit per inflorescence to remove excess fruit. The average fruit size is 25 cm (yellow flower, crest, fragrance, green, green and snow green). Left and right to leave a fruit, in the shape of the {new century} an average of about 20 cm left a fruit. Keep the ratio of leaves to leaves (25-30): 1. When the fruit is thinned, the pests and fruits, malformed fruit, poorly fertilized fruit, and leafless fruit are removed first. Choose young fruit with long fruit shape, long and thick fruit stem, and shiny fruit surface. Huanghua can choose to stay as long as possible to stay in the fruit. The 3rd and 4th fruits should be retained in each fruit. When thinning fruit, it should look at the trees to stay fruit, strong trees, strong branches to stay, and vice versa to stay; top of the crown to stay; small branches stay more; sparsely strong, sparse small to stay large, sparsely dense to stay sparse, sparsely stay Both sides. According to the site conditions, fertilization levels, tree size, tree vigor, fruit shape, planned yield and other factors to determine the amount of fruit left. If you plan to produce 2,000 kg per mu and require a single fruit weight of over 250 g, you need to keep 8,000 fruits, plus 10% of the insurance rate, then you should keep 9000 fruits/mu, if you count 45 plants/mu, About 200 trees should be left in the tree; if there are 80 trees/mu, then 110 plants per plant can be left. IV. Pest Control 1. Before the end of March and early April, before flowering: spray 50% phoxim EC on the ground 100 times or 48%, 500 times. 2. In early April, when the flower was thanked 3/4: 15% triadimefon {tritonin} WP 1000 times 25% carbendazim WP 250 times or 50% thiophanate WP 800 times 25% chlorenone (Net) WP 3000 times. 3, the late mid-April growth period: 90% DuPont Wanling WP 2000-3000 times plus 80% of WP 800-1000 times.