Chapter II Pig Breeding and Crossbreeding Section I. World-famous lean-breed pig breeds According to relevant data, there are more than 100 species of pigs in the world, and there are also more than 100 species of local breed pigs in China. It is famous for its easy-to-fat, rough-feeding and fertility. Britain, the United States, and other countries introduced southern China's pig breeds in the 18th century. The famous British pig breeds Buksia and Yorkshire contain Chinese pigs. At present, the world's most famous lean-type pig breeds are: (1) Large white pig (Edelschwein): formerly known as Yorkshire, origin of Yorkshire in England and nearby Suffolk, Lankeshire and other large white pigs It is an ideal lean-type pig with tight meat, few fats, thick limbs, strong physique, strong fertility and lactation capacity, 11.6 live births, and less stress on the environment. The pigs are the most reared in the UK, and European countries, Canada and Australia are also widely distributed. Since 1900, China imported this pig breed from Germany, and then imported it one after another. At present, it is common for pigs of all sizes in China to raise this pig breed as a female parent. (2) Landrace: The original Landrace pig was originally produced in Denmark. It was a crossbreeding of the British White Pig and the local soil white pig. It has a history of nearly 100 years and is the world's best lean meat. Pig breeds. The pig is named after its body length and white hair. It has a streamlined shape, high lean percentage, good reproductive performance, high milk yield, and 11.2 live litters. There are breeding, various countries use the Danish Landrace to develop their own Landrace pigs, such as the British Department, the Netherlands Department, the Swedish Landmark, the German Landrace and so on. Since 1964, China has introduced this pig breed, and farms have been bred in large-scale pig farms. The disadvantage of this pig breed is that the limbs, especially the hind limbs, are relatively weak, and may experience stress symptoms in the environment. According to statistics, the incidence of stress disease of Landrace introduced in China before the 1990s can reach 16%, so it is not as good as a mother. Great white pig. The lean meat percentage of Great White and Landrace introduced in China in the mid-1990s reached more than 64%. The average daily weight gain was 750-800 grams, and the feed-to-meat ratio (day feed amount kg: daily weight gain kg) was 2.6: 1 or so. In the process of crossbreeding, these two species are used both as parents and mothers. (3) Duroc: Originate from the Northeast of the United States, which is a major parent of Duroc in New York State and Jersey Red in New Jersey. The pig breed has brown hair, plump muscles, strong physique, heat-resistance, strong adaptability to the environment, strong fertility, 9.8 live piglets, fast growth, good meat quality, and lean meat percentage of 65%. The most pig breeds. Our country is mostly used as a parent to breed hybrid second generation pigs. (4) Pietrain: also known as black-and-white spotted pigs, origin of Belgium, was recognized in 1955, later popular in Europe, many improved varieties in Germany. The coat is gray and black spots, short body, muscular, with 9.7 litters and up to 11 farrowings. The outstanding advantage is that the carcass lean rate is as high as 66% and has the advantages of hybridization. The early weakness of the variety is slow growth and thick muscle fibers. After continuous breeding, the average daily gain of newly introduced Pietrain pigs in China in the mid-1990s has reached more than 800 grams. Our country is mostly used as a parent of binary crosses. (5) Hampshire (Hampshire): The United States of origin is famous for its high lean meat, thin, large eye area, and was introduced in the 1980s. This species has a long body, full hindquarters, and well-developed muscles. The mouth is long and straight, with a leucorrhea around the forelegs and shoulders. The length of the leucorrhea does not exceed a quarter of the body length and the rest of the body is black. Sows have strong motherhood but low reproductive performance, with 6-7 pairs of nipples, about 9 litters, and 1.3 kg of newborn piglets. Due to its strong libido and high lean meat percentage, this species is an ideal male parent. Section II. Economic Benefits of Breeding Pigs Using Breeding Combinations The economic traits of pigs are fertility, feed utilization, lean meat yield, robustness, disease resistance, growth rate, etc., but the advantages of these traits cannot be concentrated. For a certain species, the advantages of each species must be combined to complement each other and overcome their shortcomings. Prior to the 1990s, all pig farms in China basically used local pig breeds and introduced improved lean lean pigs to carry out two- and three-way hybrid combinations. With the development of the market economy, the quality of goods in the sales of pigs has gradually increased, and the quality requirements for commodity pigs have become higher and higher. In order to improve quality, pursue economic benefits, and increase market competitiveness, the vast majority of large-scale pig farms use the hybrid method of introducing improved varieties of lean-type pigs. Taking the large-scale pig production in Beijing as an example, the hybridization combinations can be grouped into three types: 1. The White males are used as mothers, the first male of Landrace pigs, and the Duroc pigs are the second male parent. The product pigs are called Du Changda; 2. The Landrace is used as the female parent, the Great White Pig is the first male parent, the Duroc is the second male parent of the three-way crossbreed, and the commercial pigs produced become Du Dachang; Using Big White pigs or Landrace pigs as female parents and Pitlan as the father's binary cross, the commercial pigs produced became skin or hide. Among them, the first method of hybridization is more common, especially for export-oriented large-scale pig farms. The following chart shows: The advantages of commercial pigs produced by these hybrid methods: (1) Fast growth, with an average daily gain of 600-700 grams. The feed remuneration (weight gain kg: feed usage kg) was 1:2.8, and the total feed remuneration was 1:3.4-3.8. (2) The lean meat rate is high, with an average of more than 62%. Each sow produces about 400 kilograms of lean meat. (3) The fullness of hips is good, and the proportion of thighs is obviously increased. This has a good effect on the improvement of lean meat production and quality. (4) The market price of each commercial pig is approximately 0.6-1.1 yuan more per kilogram of body weight than the average commercial pig. Section III Common Supporting System Introduction of Commodity Pigs PIC Commodity Pig Supporting System (I) High lean meat supporting system: This supporting system has the following characteristics: good body size, high lean meat and slaughter rate, high growth rate, and high feed utilization rate (2) Supporting system with high birth rate: This supporting system has the following characteristics: Body type, lean and slaughter rate, fast growth rate, and feed utilization rate are inferior to the first supporting system, but its reproductive performance is good, and the number of slaughtered pigs high. Second, the Dika commodity pig supporting system

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