The image above illustrates a common method of cattle fattening. The continuous fattening approach involves immediately moving calves into the fattening stage right after weaning, continuing until they reach slaughter weight—typically between 12 to 18 months of age and weighing 400 to 500 kg. This technique is widely used in countries like the United States, Canada, and the UK. With this method, more than 50% of the diet consists of concentrates, and both grazing and supplemental feeding can be employed. This system is efficient because it maximizes weight gain during the growth phase, improves feed utilization, and shortens the overall feeding period. The resulting beef is tender, second only to veal, and is more cost-effective compared to raising yaks. It's a highly popular and practical method. One variation is the grazing and supplementary feeding method, commonly used in areas with good pasture conditions. After weaning, calves primarily graze, with supplemental feed like hay or grains added as needed to help them reach 400 kg by 18 months. During lactation, their average daily gain can reach 0.9–1 kg, while in winter, it drops to 0.4–0.6 kg. In the following summer, gains return to around 0.9 kg. During dry seasons, 1–2 kg of concentrate per day may be provided. Proper group management is essential, with groups of about 50 animals rotating to prevent overgrazing. In China, a cow weighing 120–150 kg requires 1.5–2 hectares of pasture. Care should also be taken with rest and salt intake, especially during hot summers. Another method is the grazing-sheltering-grazing system, ideal for calves born in September to November. These calves are initially nursed or bottle-fed, gaining about 0.6 kg per day. At weaning, they weigh around 70 kg. Post-weaning, they mainly eat roughage, with silage or hay available freely in winter. No more than 2 kg of grain is given daily, helping increase daily gains to 0.9 kg. By six months, they can reach 180 kg. From April to October, they graze on high-quality pastures, aiming for a daily gain of 1.2 kg. By 12 months, they should weigh 430 kg. In the final stages, they have free access to silage or hay, with 2–3 kg of grain per day, maintaining a daily gain of 0.9 kg until reaching 490 kg at 18 months. The shelter-feeding method involves planning the feeding process according to specific stages. After weaning, calves are continuously fed in a controlled environment. The feeding level depends on the desired slaughter age—typically 12 to 15 months—which requires higher nutrient intake to achieve a daily gain of over 1 kg. Fattening plans consider market demand, costs, farm conditions, breed characteristics, and the timing of slaughter. The finishing period is usually divided into two or three phases, with tailored feeding and management strategies for each stage. Another approach is concentrated rear-end finishing, where cattle around 2 years old that haven't been adequately fattened receive a high-concentrate diet over a shorter period. This method significantly improves meat quality and economic returns. In the later stages, various feeding methods can be used, such as grazing with supplements, straw combined with concentrates, silage-based diets, or even alcohol-based feeds. Grazing plus supplementation is a simple and cost-effective method, making it ideal for regions with abundant local resources. It allows farmers to maximize benefits with minimal investment, particularly in pastoral and mountainous areas. Straw treatment combined with concentrates is another effective strategy, especially in agricultural regions with large amounts of crop residue. Through chemical or biological treatments, straw becomes more nutritious and digestible. Ammoniation, in particular, has proven very effective in China. It increases crude protein content by 1–2 times and improves organic matter digestibility by 20–30%. Cattle consume more feed, and ammoniated straw is often used alongside limited concentrate for beef cattle. Extensive research and implementation have been carried out across the country.

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